Kulm district
The district of Kulm (formerly the district of Culm ) was a Prussian district in the Marienwerder administrative district , which existed in different delimitations between 1772 and 1920. Its district town was Kulm . It was in the part of West Prussia that fell to Poland after the First World War in 1920 through the Treaty of Versailles . From 1939 to 1945 there was another district of Kulm in occupied Poland as part of the newly established Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia . Today the former district is in the Polish Kujawy-Pomeranian Voivodeship .
Administrative history
The area of the district of Kulm came to Prussia through the first division of Poland in 1772 . The district encompassed most of the historical Kulmerland . The Prussian provincial authorities ordinance of April 30, 1815 and its implementing provisions made the area part of the new administrative district of Marienwerder of the new province of West Prussia . As part of a comprehensive district reform in the Marienwerder administrative district, the old Kulm district was significantly reduced in size on April 1, 1818. The southern district became part of the new district of Thorn and the new district of Graudenz was formed in the north . The district of Kulm now comprised the towns of Kulm and Briesen , the offices of Kulm, Lippinken, Przydworsz and Unyslaw as well as 138 noble estates. The seat of the district office was the city of Kulm.
From December 3, 1829 to April 1, 1878, West Prussia and East Prussia were united to form the Province of Prussia , which had belonged to the North German Confederation since July 1, 1867 and to the German Empire since January 1, 1871 . Due to the steady increase in the population in the 19th century, several districts in West Prussia turned out to be too large. Against this background, the Kulm district gave part of its territory to the new Briesen on October 1, 1887 .
Due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty , the district had to be ceded to Poland on January 10, 1920 for the purpose of establishing the Polish Corridor . The German Commissioner Hoffmann was responsible for handling and handing over the civil administration to the Polish authorities. The Polish representative was called Ossowski. Poland introduced the place name Chełmno for Kulm . The district area continued as Powiat Chełmiński ( Kulmer district ).
After the invasion of Poland and the annexation of the territory by the German Reich, the district was assigned to the district of Kulm on November 26, 1939, to the administrative district of Bromberg in the newly formed Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia . After the occupation by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 , the district of Kulm reverted to Poland. In the following years, the German inhabitants were from the district sold .
population
The following is an overview according to number of inhabitants, denominations and language groups. The reduction in size of the circle in 1887 must be taken into account.
year | 1821 | 1831 | 1841 | 1852 | 1861 | 1871 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Residents | 30,378 | 32,689 | ? | 46.129 | 48,347 | 54,605 | ? | 45,711 | 48.014 | 50,069 |
Evangelical Catholics Jews |
12,236 17,156 234 |
13,821 17,726 441 |
20,088 24,268 1,029 |
21,860 24,732 1,148 |
24,126 28,704 1,228 |
19,003 25,713 587 |
19,309 27,896 415 |
20,730 28,450 316 |
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German-speaking, bilingual, Polish -speaking |
20,027 - 12,662 |
23,108 - 23,021 |
24,876 - 23,471 |
22,103 206 23,396 |
21,917 615 25,472 |
23,345 903 25,806 |
politics
District administrators
- 1772–1777 Dietrich von Ahlefeldt (1730–1789)
- 1777–1784 Nathanael Theodor von Paulitz (~ 1735–1786)
- 1784–1793 August Christian Ludwig von Puttkamer (1750–1836)
- 1784–1818 August Burchard Raphael von Rosenberg-Gruszczynski (1770–1836)
- 1818–1819 by Grobczewski
- 1819–1841 Rosenhagen
- 1841– Franz Gehrken ( acting )
- 1843–1848 Hermann von Loga
- 1848–1868 Eduard von Schrötter (1822–1883)
- 1868–1888 Gustav von Stumpfeldt (1838–1893)
- 1888–1908 Karl Hoene (1857–1909)
- 1908–1920 Wilhelm Lohr (* 1871)
- 1920 victory ( substitute )
Local constitution
Before it was ceded to Poland, the Kulm district was divided into the city of Kulm, rural communities and independent manor districts .
elections
In the German Reich, the Marienwerder 4 constituency of the Reichstag was made up of the Kulm and Thorn districts within the borders of 1871. Due to the ethnic composition of the electorate, the constituency was contested between German and Polish candidates in all Reichstag elections. The respective winners only prevailed with narrow majorities:
- 1871 Anton Maranski , Polish parliamentary group (mandate revoked )
- 1871 Friedrich Meyer , National Liberal Party (repeat election )
- 1874 Friedrich Meyer, National Liberal Party
- 1877 Hermann Paul Gerhard , independent liberal
- 1878 Michael von Sczaniecki , Polish parliamentary group
- 1881 Michael von Sczaniecki, Polish parliamentary group
- 1884 Michael von Sczaniecki, Polish parliamentary group
- 1887 August Dommes , National Liberal Party
- 1890 Ludwig Mauritius von Slaski , Polish parliamentary group
- 1893 Ludwig Mauritius von Slaski, Polish parliamentary group
- 1898 Ferdinand Graßmann , National Liberal Party
- 1903 Jan Brejski , Polish parliamentary group
- 1905 Felix Ortel , National Liberal Party (by-election)
- 1907 Felix Ortel, National Liberal Party
- 1912 Bernhard Schlee , National Liberal Party
cities and communes
In 1910, the district of Kulm included the city of Kulm and 77 rural communities.
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In 1910, the district also included 70 manor districts. Around 1900 the community of Niederaus Maß was incorporated into the community of Niederaus Maß and the community of Rathsgrund was incorporated into the town of Kulm.
Personalities
Heinz Guderian , Kurt Schumacher and Hermann Löns were born in Kulm. Leo Eichstaedt (1855–1928) was born in Pien.
The district of Kulm in occupied Poland 1939–1945
Administrative history
After 1939, the city of Kulm was subject to the German municipal code of January 30, 1935, which was valid in the Altreich . The remaining communities were grouped together in administrative districts ; There were no more manor districts. The name of the district or the district town was changed to Kulm (Vistula) on May 21, 1941 .
District Administrator
- 1939– Max Lange
Place names
By unpublished decree of December 29, 1939, the German place names valid until 1920 were provisionally valid with regard to the previously Polish place names. This global renaming was possible because the entire German map series for the areas ceded to Poland in 1920 (also) continued to use the earlier German place names.
Through the order regarding the change of place names of the Reich Governor in Danzig-West Prussia of June 25, 1942, with the consent of the Reich Minister of the Interior, all place names were Germanized, either in the form of 1918 or as a phonetic alignment or translation, for example:
- Episcopal Papau : Kulmischpfaffendorf,
- Brosowo: Brosau,
- Kulm : Kulm (Vistula),
- Damerau : Kulmischdamerau,
- Dubielno : dowels,
- Kokotzko: Kökschufer,
- Lissewo : Lissen, Kr. Kulm (Vistula),
- Unislaw : Kulmischwenzlau.
literature
- Gustav Neumann : Geography of the Prussian State. 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 52-53, item 7.
- E. Jacobson: Topographical-statistical manual for the administrative district Marienwerder. Danzig 1868, pp. 70-85 ( books.google.de ).
- Franz Schultz: History of the city and the district of Kulm. Volume 1: Up to the year 1479. Kafelmann, Danzig 1876 ( e-copy ).
- ACA Friedrich: Historical-geographical representation of old and new Poland . Berlin 1839, pp. 610-611.
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part II: Topography of West Prussia , Kantersche Hofbuchdruckerei, Marienwerder 1789, pp. 27–42.
- M. Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. (online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006)
Web links
- District of Kulm administrative history and district list on the website territorial.de (Rolf Jehke), as of July 12, 2013.
Individual evidence
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck (ed.): Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . tape 2 . Marienwerder 1789, p. 27 ff . ( Digitized version ).
- ^ Max Töppen: Historisch-Comparative Geographie von Preussen . Justus Perthes, Gotha 1858, p. 355 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ Leszek Belzyt: Linguistic minorities in the Prussian state from 1815 to 1914. Marburg 1998. p. 103.
- ↑ Ursula Hannelore Wagner: Studies on the history of Preussens , Volume 35, Quelle & Meyer, 1982, pp. 50, 123. ( limited preview online at Google Book Search ).
- ↑ Database of members of the Reichstag ( memento of the original from January 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Municipal directory 1910 with population figures