Kulm district

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The district of Kulm (formerly the district of Culm ) was a Prussian district in the Marienwerder administrative district , which existed in different delimitations between 1772 and 1920. Its district town was Kulm . It was in the part of West Prussia that fell to Poland after the First World War in 1920 through the Treaty of Versailles . From 1939 to 1945 there was another district of Kulm in occupied Poland as part of the newly established Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia . Today the former district is in the Polish Kujawy-Pomeranian Voivodeship .

The Kulm district within the boundaries from 1772 to 1818
The Kulm district within the boundaries from 1887 to 1920
West Prussia Province in 1919
  • Gdansk administrative district
  • Marienwerder administrative district
  • Administrative history

    The area of ​​the district of Kulm came to Prussia through the first division of Poland in 1772 . The district encompassed most of the historical Kulmerland . The Prussian provincial authorities ordinance of April 30, 1815 and its implementing provisions made the area part of the new administrative district of Marienwerder of the new province of West Prussia . As part of a comprehensive district reform in the Marienwerder administrative district, the old Kulm district was significantly reduced in size on April 1, 1818. The southern district became part of the new district of Thorn and the new district of Graudenz was formed in the north . The district of Kulm now comprised the towns of Kulm and Briesen , the offices of Kulm, Lippinken, Przydworsz and Unyslaw as well as 138 noble estates. The seat of the district office was the city of Kulm.

    Grubno manor around 1860,
    Alexander Duncker collection

    From December 3, 1829 to April 1, 1878, West Prussia and East Prussia were united to form the Province of Prussia , which had belonged to the North German Confederation since July 1, 1867 and to the German Empire since January 1, 1871 . Due to the steady increase in the population in the 19th century, several districts in West Prussia turned out to be too large. Against this background, the Kulm district gave part of its territory to the new Briesen on October 1, 1887 .

    Due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty , the district had to be ceded to Poland on January 10, 1920 for the purpose of establishing the Polish Corridor . The German Commissioner Hoffmann was responsible for handling and handing over the civil administration to the Polish authorities. The Polish representative was called Ossowski. Poland introduced the place name Chełmno for Kulm . The district area continued as Powiat Chełmiński ( Kulmer district ).

    After the invasion of Poland and the annexation of the territory by the German Reich, the district was assigned to the district of Kulm on November 26, 1939, to the administrative district of Bromberg in the newly formed Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia . After the occupation by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 , the district of Kulm reverted to Poland. In the following years, the German inhabitants were from the district sold .

    population

    The following is an overview according to number of inhabitants, denominations and language groups. The reduction in size of the circle in 1887 must be taken into account.

    year 1821 1831 1841 1852 1861 1871 1880 1890 1900 1910
    Residents 30,378 32,689 ? 46.129 48,347 54,605 ? 45,711 48.014 50,069
    Evangelical
    Catholics
    Jews
    12,236
    17,156
    234
    13,821
    17,726
    441
      20,088
    24,268
    1,029
    21,860
    24,732
    1,148
    24,126
    28,704
    1,228
      19,003
    25,713
    587
    19,309
    27,896
    415
    20,730
    28,450
    316
    German-speaking,
    bilingual, Polish -speaking
      20,027
    -
    12,662
      23,108
    -
    23,021
    24,876
    -
    23,471
        22,103
    206
    23,396
    21,917
    615
    25,472
    23,345
    903
    25,806

    politics

    District administrators

    Seal of the district administrator

    Local constitution

    Before it was ceded to Poland, the Kulm district was divided into the city of Kulm, rural communities and independent manor districts .

    elections

    In the German Reich, the Marienwerder 4 constituency of the Reichstag was made up of the Kulm and Thorn districts within the borders of 1871. Due to the ethnic composition of the electorate, the constituency was contested between German and Polish candidates in all Reichstag elections. The respective winners only prevailed with narrow majorities:

    cities and communes

    In 1910, the district of Kulm included the city of Kulm and 77 rural communities.

    • Noble Neudorf
    • Noble Waldau
    • Althausen
    • Bienkowko
    • Blandau
    • Blotto
    • Bark
    • Borovno
    • Brosowo
    • Damerau
    • Dembowitz
    • Dolken
    • Dombrowken
    • Drzonowo
    • Dowels
    • Eiselau
    • Falkenstein
    • Firlus
    • Friedrichsbruch
    • Gogolin
    • Limit
    • Griebenau
    • Large cyst
    • Great Kämpe
    • Great Lunau
    • Hönsdorf
    • Jamerau
    • Janowo
    • Kaldus
    • Kielp
    • Bracket
    • Klein Kämpe
    • Klein Lunau
    • Kokotzko
    • Kollenken
    • Kölln
    • Royal Grand Trzebcz
    • Royal Kiev
    • Royal Waldau
    • Kornatovo
    • Kottenau
    • Krajenczyn
    • Kulm , city
    • Kulmisch Dorposch
    • Kulmisch Neudorf
    • Kulmisch Roßgarten
    • Lissewo
    • Malankowo
    • Mosgowin
    • New bolumin
    • New good
    • New Sass
    • Low level
    • Oversize
    • Osnowo
    • Exactly as planned
    • Pniewitten
    • Podwitz
    • Raffa
    • Reinau
    • Rosenau
    • Ruda
    • Hinge
    • Schemlau
    • Schlonz
    • Schöneich
    • Schönsee
    • Segertsdorf
    • Stone scales
    • Striesau
    • Strutzfon
    • Trebis
    • Unislaw
    • Villisass
    • Waltersdorf
    • Wilhelmsau
    • Wilhelmsbruch
    • Zakrzewo

    In 1910, the district also included 70 manor districts. Around 1900 the community of Niederaus Maß was incorporated into the community of Niederaus Maß and the community of Rathsgrund was incorporated into the town of Kulm.

    Personalities

    Heinz Guderian , Kurt Schumacher and Hermann Löns were born in Kulm. Leo Eichstaedt (1855–1928) was born in Pien.

    The district of Kulm in occupied Poland 1939–1945

    Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia (August 1943)

    Administrative history

    After 1939, the city of Kulm was subject to the German municipal code of January 30, 1935, which was valid in the Altreich . The remaining communities were grouped together in administrative districts ; There were no more manor districts. The name of the district or the district town was changed to Kulm (Vistula) on May 21, 1941 .

    District Administrator

    • 1939– 0000Max Lange

    Place names

    By unpublished decree of December 29, 1939, the German place names valid until 1920 were provisionally valid with regard to the previously Polish place names. This global renaming was possible because the entire German map series for the areas ceded to Poland in 1920 (also) continued to use the earlier German place names.

    Through the order regarding the change of place names of the Reich Governor in Danzig-West Prussia of June 25, 1942, with the consent of the Reich Minister of the Interior, all place names were Germanized, either in the form of 1918 or as a phonetic alignment or translation, for example:

    literature

    Web links

    Commons : Kreis Kulm  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
    • District of Kulm administrative history and district list on the website territorial.de (Rolf Jehke), as of July 12, 2013.

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck (ed.): Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . tape 2 . Marienwerder 1789, p. 27 ff . ( Digitized version ).
    2. ^ Max Töppen: Historisch-Comparative Geographie von Preussen . Justus Perthes, Gotha 1858, p. 355 ( digitized version ).
    3. Leszek Belzyt: Linguistic minorities in the Prussian state from 1815 to 1914. Marburg 1998. p. 103.
    4. Ursula Hannelore Wagner: Studies on the history of Preussens , Volume 35, Quelle & Meyer, 1982, pp. 50, 123. ( limited preview online at Google Book Search ).
    5. Database of members of the Reichstag ( memento of the original from January 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / zhsf.gesis.org
    6. Municipal directory 1910 with population figures