Sea kale

Sea kale
	Real sea kale ( Crambe maritima )
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family :	Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe :	Brassiceae
Genre :	Sea kale
Scientific name
	Crambe
	L.

Sea kale ( Crambe ) is a genus of plants in the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). The 34 to 37 species are distributed from Central Europe to West Asia as well as North Africa and the Canary Islands ; the center of biodiversity is the Mediterranean .

Some species, such as the real sea kale , were previously collected from the wild on the North and Baltic Sea coasts and mainly used as fodder crops. As a renewable raw material , the Krambe is mainly used as an oil plant for technical oils and waxes. Meanwhile, however, sea kale is under nature protection in Germany. As a halophyte , which is adapted to the increased salinity of its natural habitat, the sea kale colonizes mainly salty soils in barren coastal areas and has hardly any competition from other plants there.

description

Illustration of Tatar sea kale ( Crambe tataria )

Vegetative characteristics

The sea kale grows as a wintering green, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches a stature height of 20 to 50, rarely up to 75 centimeters. A thick and branched root is formed. The stumpy, upright stem is sparsely branched from the bottom.

The leaves are in basal rosettes and distributed on the stem. The lower large, cabbage-like leaves are stalked 4 to 16 centimeters long. The blue-green, fleshy and bald blade is 10 to 40 centimeters long and 8 to 30 centimeters wide, oblong or elliptical-ovoid to ovate with a lobed and wavy edge. The upper leaves are similar; the top have an irregularly divided or notched-toothed edge.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to July. The strongly branched, umbelliferous inflorescence is multi-flowered. The fragrant flowers are hermaphroditic and fourfold. The four sepals have a length of 3 to 4 millimeters and a width of 2 to 3.5 millimeters. The four white petals have a length of 8 to 12 (6 to 15) millimeters and a width of 4 to, mostly 5 to 7 millimeters. The stamens are 3 to 4 millimeters long and the anthers are 1 to 1.5 millimeters long.

The squat fruit stalk has a length of 1.5 to 3 (1 to 3.7) centimeters. The two-part pod is stem-shaped in the lower part with a length of 1 to 4 millimeters. With a length of 0.7 to 1.2, rarely up to 1.4 centimeters and a diameter of 6 to 8 millimeters, the upper part is almost spherical to egg-shaped, hard-shelled, ribbed and network-nerved and contains only one seed. The buoyant seed is 4 to 5 (to 6) mm in size. The fruits are naturally distributed in the surf area .

Occurrence

The distribution area of the sea cabbage species is in Eurasia , Africa and on the Macaronesian islands . The real sea kale can be found on the coast of the Atlantic in Western Europe, on the coast of the Baltic Sea and on the Black Sea . The giant gypsophila is native to the northern Caucasus , but was cultivated as a fodder plant in large parts of Russia and Ukraine and is now widespread as far as Siberia. Crambe kotschyana lives in Central Asia, the northwestern Himalayas and northern Iran and is cultivated in Uzbekistan . The Tatar sea kale is a wild plant of the steppe areas of Eastern and Southeastern Europe and is widespread in the west - as a postglacial cold steppe relic - as far as the Czech Republic, Austria and Italy and in the east as far as Siberia. The slender sea kale ( Crambe strigosa ) is endemic to the Canaries .

Real sea kale ( Crambe maritima ) was also discovered in Germany, Baden-Württemberg (Kaiserstuhl). It grows on wasteland where the groundwater is very high.

Systematics and distribution

Crambe arborea

Gypsophila ( Crambe cordifolia )

Crambe ( Crambe hispanica subsp. Abyssinica )

Real sea kale ( Crambe maritima )

Habit of Crambe pritzelii in the habitat

Crambe santosii

Slender sea kale ( Crambe strigosa )

Tatar sea kale ( Crambe tataria )

The genus Crambe was established by Carl von Linné .

The genus Crambe belongs to the tribe Brassiceae within the family Brassicaceae .

The genus Crambe is divided into three sections:

Crambe sect. Crambe (Syn .: Crambe sect. Sarcocrambe DC. ): The 16 or so species are distributed from Northern to Eastern Europe to Central Asia.

Crambe sect. Dendrocrambe DC. : The approximately 14 species occur in Macaronesia .

Crambe sect. Leptocrambe DC.

The genus Crambe is common from Central Europe to West Asia as well as North Africa and Macaronesia . The center of biodiversity is the Mediterranean . About ten species are also native to Europe.

The genus Crambe contains 34 to 37 species:

Crambe alutacea Hand.-Mazz. (Syn .: Crambe orientalis var. Alutacea (Hand.-Mazz.) Hedge & Hub.-Mor. )
Crambe arborea Webb ex H.Christ : This endemic occurs only in the southeastern part of the island of Tenerife .
Crambe armena N.Busch : This rare and endangered species occurs only in Armenia and in Nakhichevan in Azerbaijan .
Crambe aspera M.Bieb. : It occurs after Euro + Med in Ukraine and in southern Russia.
Giant gypsophila ( Crambe cordifolia Steven ): It occurs in Azerbaijan.
Crambe edentula fish. & CAMey. (Syn .: Crambe cretacea (Czerniak.) Czerniak. ): It occurs in Turkmenistan and maybe also in Uzbekistan.
Crambe feuilleei A. Santos : It was first described in 2008. This endemic occurs only on the Canary Island of El Hierro .
Crambe filiformis Jacq. : It occurs in Morocco , Algeria and Spain and is a neophyte in South America.
Crambe fruticosa L. f. : It occurs in two subspecies on the Madeira archipelago :
- Crambe fruticosa L. f. subsp. fruticosa : It occurs only on Porto Santo and in the western part of Madeira Island .
- Crambe fruticosa subsp. pinnatifida (Lowe) Prina & Mart.-Laborde (Syn .: Crambe fruticosa var. brevifolia Lowe , Crambe fruticosa var. sublaevis O.E.Schulz ): It received the rank of a subspecies in 2008.
Crambe gomeraea Webb ex H.Christ : It occurs with two subspecies in the Canary Islands:
- Crambe gomeraea Webb ex H.Christ subsp. gomeraea : This endemic occurs only on the island of La Gomera .
- Crambe gomeraea subsp. hirsuta Prina : It was first described in 2008.
Crambe gordjaginii Sprygin & Popov : It occurs in Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Crambe grandiflora DC. : It occurs in Turkey, Iran, the Russian Caucasus and in Crimea .
Crambe grossheimii I.Khalilov : It occurs in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.
Crambe hedgei I.Khalilov : It occurs in Afghanistan.
Spanish sea kale ( Crambe hispanica L. ): It occurs in Italy, Croatia, Albania, Greece, western Asia and tropical Africa. There are three subspecies:
- Crambe ( Crambe hispanica . Subsp abyssinica .. (Hochst ex REFr) A.Prina , Syn .: Crambe abyssinica Hochst ex REFr.. ): It comes in Ethiopia , Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda and Zaire before and is in Turkey a neophyte.
- Crambe hispanica subsp. glabrata (DC.) Cout. ) Crambe glabrata DC. (Syn. :: It occurs in Morocco, Portugal and Spain.
- Crambe hispanica subsp. hispanica : It occurs in Italy, Croatia, Albania, Greece, Morocco and Western Asia.
Crambe juncea M.Bieb. (Syn .: Crambe aculeolata (N.Busch) Czerniak. ): It occurs in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Iran.
Crambe kilimandscharica O.E. Schulz : It occurs in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Zaire.
Crambe koktebelica (boy) N.Busch : It occurs in the Crimea and in the Russian Caucasus region.
Crambe kotschyana Boiss. (Syn .: Crambe cordifolia subsp. Kotschyana (Boiss.) Jafri ): It occurs in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Central Asia and China.
Crambe kralikii Coss. : The two subspecies occur in Morocco and Algeria.
- Crambe kralikii subsp. garamas (Maire) Podlech : It only occurs in Algeria.
- Crambe kralikii Coss. subsp. kralikii (Syn .: Crambe kralikii var. genuina Maire )
Crambe laevigata DC. ex H.Christ : This endemic occurs only in the north-western part of the island of Tenerife .
Real sea kale ( Crambe maritima L. , Syn .: Crambe pontica Steven ex Rupr. ): It occurs in Europe and in the Caucasus and is a neophyte in Oregon .
Crambe microcarpa A.Santos : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the island of La Palma .
Crambe orientalis L. (Syn .: Crambe amabilis Butkov & Majlun ): There are about two subspecies:
- Crambe orientalis L. subsp. orientalis (Syn .: Crambe persica Boiss. ): It occurs in West Asia, in Turkmenistan and in the Caucasus.
- Crambe orientalis subsp. sulphurea (Stapf ex OESchulz) Prina (Syn .: Crambe glaberrima . (Bornm) Mouterde ex Greuter & Burdet , Crambe orientalis var. sulphurea Stapf ex OESchulz , crambe persica var. glaberrima Bornm. ): She's coming in Turkey, Iraq and in Iran.
Crambe pinnatifida W.T. Aiton : It occurs in Armenia, Romania and Ukraine.
Crambe pritzelii Bolle : This endemic occurs only in the northern and eastern parts of the island of Gran Canaria .
Crambe santosii Bramwell (Syn .: Crambe gigantea (Ceballos & Ortuño) Bramwell non Kit. Ex Janka , Crambe strigosa var. Gigantea Ceballos & Ortuño ): This endemic occurs only on La Gomera .
Crambe scaberrima Webb ex Bramwell : This endemic occurs only in the northwestern part of the island of Tenerife .
Crambe schugnana Korsh. : It was first described from Central Asia.
Crambe scoparia Svent. : This endemic occurs only in the central-eastern part of the island of Gran Canaria .
Crambe sinuato-dentata Hochst. ex F.Petri : It occurs in Ethiopia , Kenya and Uganda.
Crambe steveniana Rupr. : It occurs in the Crimea, in the Caucasus and maybe also in Georgia.
Slender sea kale ( Crambe strigosa L'Hér. ): It occurs only on the Canary Islands Tenerife and La Gomera.
Crambe sventenii B.Pett. ex Bramwell & Sundell : With 476 specimens counted in 2010, this very rare, threatened endemic occurs only in the southern part of the island of Fuerteventura .
Crambe tamadabensis A.Prina & A.Marrero : This endemic endemic, which is very rare with counted 5749 specimens, only occurs in the northwestern part of the island of Gran Canaria.
Tatar sea kale ( Crambe tataria Sebeók )
Crambe wildpretii A.Prina & Bramwell : It occurs in the Canaries. This endemic endemic, which was very rare with 34 specimens counted in 2008, only occurs in the northwestern part of the island of La Gomera.

No longer belongs to the genus Crambe :

Crambe teretifolia Batt. & Trot. → Crambella teretifolia (Batt. & Trab.) Maire

use

The Krambe ( Crambe hispanica subsp. Abyssinica ) can be found in Africa. Their original distribution area is in the highlands of Abyssinia in Ethiopia , in Rwanda and on the African and Asia Minor Mediterranean coasts to Turkey . Since the 1930s and especially after the Second World War, the Krambe spread as a cultivated plant in Russia and Eastern Europe. It is grown in smaller stands in several European countries and more extensively in the drier areas of the United States of America .

With the exception of Krambe, which is toxic due to its high erucic acid content , all types of sea kale are used as food or fodder crops. The real sea kale also plays a role in human nutrition and is prepared as a vegetable . Crambe kotschyana and the giant gypsophila are used as fodder plants, with the strong starchy taproots and rhizomes playing an important role. The Tatar wild cabbage was never cultivated, but probably already played a role as a wild vegetable in ancient times .

The Krambe is used exclusively as an oil plant, since the ingredients are inedible to poisonous for humans and livestock. It is mainly used in the production of foam inhibitors in detergents ( emulsifiers ), technical oils and lubricating greases. Other areas of application are in the production of synthetic fibers , alkyd resins and plasticizers as well as in the production of pharmaceutical products. The use of green genetic engineering should also enable the production of wax esters for lubricants in the vehicle industry.

swell

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c sea kale. In: Verena Schmidt, Burda Senator Verlag GmbH, mein-schoener-garten.de. October 14, 2019, accessed October 21, 2019 .
^ Anibal Oscar Prina: Taxonomic review of the genus Crambe sect. Crambe (Brassicaceae, Brassiceae). In: Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid , Volume 66, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 7-24. ISSN 0211-1322 . doi : 10.3989 / ajbm.2186 PDF.
^ Anibal Oscar Prina, JB Martinez-Laborde: A taxonomic revision of Crambe section Dendrocrambe (Brassicaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 156, Issue 2, 2008, pp. 291-304. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2007.00708.x
↑ Anibal Oscar Prina: A taxonomic revision of Crambe, sect. Leptocrambe (Brassicaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 133, 2000, pp. 509-524.
^ ^A ^b S. I. Warwick, A. Francis, RK Gugel: Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . Ed .: Multinational Brassica Genome Project. 3. Edition. Ontario 2009, Taxonomic Checklist and Life History, Ecological, and Geographical Data (English, Online PDF 427 kB).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at Database: BrassiBase , Version 1.3, November 18, 2018 from Heidelberg University.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj Crambe in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Crambe species in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. Retrieved on 2017-07-18.
↑ Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae : Datasheet Crambe In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
↑ A. Santos-Guerra: Crambe feuilleii (Brassicaceae) Santos sp. nova for the flora of Hierro Island (Canary Islands). In: (Anonymous, Ed.) 2nd Symposium Fauna and Flora of the Atlantic Islands , 1996, p. 162. Departamento de Biologia, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
↑ Cultivation and plant protection of renewable raw materials (special crops) - protein, oil, dye, inulin and fiber plants. In: Horst Mielke, Bärbel Schöber-Butin, messages from the Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry 395. June 18, 2010, accessed on October 21, 2019 .
↑ B. Honermeier: Crambe. In: Klaus-Ulrich Heyland, Herbert Hanus, Ernst Robert Keller: Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special crops. Handbook of Plant Cultivation Volume 4, Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-8001-3203-4 , pages 179-184.
↑ Green raw materials on the advance. In: research eu, magazine of the European Research Area (online).

Web links

Commons : Sea Cabbage ( Crambe ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[Schmidt-1] sea kale. In: Verena Schmidt, Burda Senator Verlag GmbH, mein-schoener-garten.de. October 14, 2019, accessed October 21, 2019 .

[Prina2009sectioCrambe-2] Anibal Oscar Prina: Taxonomic review of the genus Crambe sect. Crambe (Brassicaceae, Brassiceae). In: Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid , Volume 66, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 7-24. ISSN 0211-1322 . doi : 10.3989 / ajbm.2186 PDF.

[Prina2009sectioDendrocrambe-3] Anibal Oscar Prina, JB Martinez-Laborde: A taxonomic revision of Crambe section Dendrocrambe (Brassicaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 156, Issue 2, 2008, pp. 291-304. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2007.00708.x

[Prina2000sectioLeptocrambe-4] Anibal Oscar Prina: A taxonomic revision of Crambe, sect. Leptocrambe (Brassicaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 133, 2000, pp. 509-524.

[Warwick2009B-5] A ^b S. I. Warwick, A. Francis, RK Gugel: Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . Ed .: Multinational Brassica Genome Project. 3. Edition. Ontario 2009, Taxonomic Checklist and Life History, Ecological, and Geographical Data (English, Online PDF 427 kB).

[Brassibase-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at Database: BrassiBase , Version 1.3, November 18, 2018 from Heidelberg University.

[GRIN-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj Crambe in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 16, 2017.

[IUCN-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Crambe species in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. Retrieved on 2017-07-18.

[Euro+Med-9] Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae : Datasheet Crambe In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[Santos-Guerra1996-10] A. Santos-Guerra: Crambe feuilleii (Brassicaceae) Santos sp. nova for the flora of Hierro Island (Canary Islands). In: (Anonymous, Ed.) 2nd Symposium Fauna and Flora of the Atlantic Islands , 1996, p. 162. Departamento de Biologia, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

[Mielke-11] Cultivation and plant protection of renewable raw materials (special crops) - protein, oil, dye, inulin and fiber plants. In: Horst Mielke, Bärbel Schöber-Butin, messages from the Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry 395. June 18, 2010, accessed on October 21, 2019 .

[Honermeier2006-12] B. Honermeier: Crambe. In: Klaus-Ulrich Heyland, Herbert Hanus, Ernst Robert Keller: Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special crops. Handbook of Plant Cultivation Volume 4, Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-8001-3203-4 , pages 179-184.

[ResearchEU-13] Green raw materials on the advance. In: research eu, magazine of the European Research Area (online).