Echinopsis pachanoi
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Echinopsis pachanoi |
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| ( Britton & Rose ) H.Friedrich & GDRowley |
Echinopsis pachanoi is a species of the genus Echinopsis in the cactus family(Cactaceae). The specific epithet honors Professor Abelardo Pachano from the Quinta Normal de Agricultura in Ambato , who accompanied Joseph Nelson Rose on a research trip to Ecuador in1918. Spanish common names are "Andachuma", "Aguacolla", "Gigantón", "Huachuma". In English, the species is called "San Pedro Cactus" ( San Pedro cactus ).
description
Echinopsis pachanoi grows shrubby to tree-shaped, is usually branched from the base and reaches heights of growth of 3 to 6 meters. A clear trunk is rarely formed. The upright, cylindrical shoots are somewhat flexible. Young shoots are glaucous , later they turn dark to blue-green. The shoots are up to 5 meters long and 6 to 15 centimeters in diameter. There are six to eight broad and rounded ribs that are notched above the areoles . Three to seven spines arise from the whitish, closely spaced areoles , which can also be missing. The thorns are yellowish to dark brown in color and up to 2 inches long.
The funnel-shaped, white, fragrant flowers appear near the shoot tips. They open at night, are 19 to 24 centimeters long and reach a diameter of up to 20 centimeters. Your pericarpell and the flower tube are covered with black hair . The elongated fruits are dark green, 5 to 6 centimeters long and have a diameter of up to 3 centimeters.
Distribution, systematics and endangerment
Echinopsis pachanoi is distributed in Peru and Ecuador at altitudes of 2000 to 3300 meters, but is also cultivated in other countries. It was first described as Trichocereus pachanoi in 1919 by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose . Heimo Friedrich and Gordon Douglas Rowley placed the species in 1974 in the genus Echinopsis .
In the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN , the species is listed as " Least Concern (LC) ". H. listed as not endangered.
ingredients
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In Echinopsis pachanoi , tyramine , hordenine , 3-methoxytyramine , anhalanine , anhalonidine , 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine , 3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy-β-phenethylamine , 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-β-phenethylamine as well Mescaline detected. In relation to the dry matter of the chlorenchyme , the mescaline content of the plants fluctuates between zero and about five percent depending on the location.
use
Echinopsis pachanoi is used as a grafting base for cacti.
Finds of pottery, textiles and rock drawings from early Peruvian history, which depict Echinopsis pachanoi , bear witness to the ethnobotanical use . These include around 2100 b. p. Dated pottery from the Nazca culture , stone sculptures from the Chavín culture (around 2900 bp) and pottery from the Cupisnique culture (around 3500 bp). A stone tablet from Chavín de Huántar , which was first shown in 1974 in the Swiss magazine Graphis , is particularly impressive .
When the Spanish arrived in Peru , Echinopsis pachanoi was widely used as a ceremonial plant. The Roman Catholic Church pursued these ritual uses, but could not prevent them. Echinopsis pachanoi is used by shamans today to cure illnesses including alcoholism and insanity, combat love spells and witchcraft, make prophecies, and insure success for personal ventures.
proof
literature
- Edward F. Anderson : The Great Cactus Lexicon . Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4573-1 , p. 238-239 .
- NL Britton , JN Rose : The Cactaceae. Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family . tape I . The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington 1919, p. 134-135 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Edward F. Anderson: The great cactus lexicon . 2005, p. 239.
- ^ NL Britton, JN Rose: The Cactaceae. Volume I, 1919, pp. 134-135.
- ^ Gordon Douglas Rowley: Reunion of the genus Echinopsis . In: IOS Bulletin. Journal of the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study . Volume 3, Number 3, 1974, p. 96.
- ↑ Echinopsis pachanoi in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013.2. Posted by: Ostalaza, C., Cáceres, F. & Roque, J., 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ^ Adam Gottlieb: Peyote and Other Psychoactive Cacti . 2nd edition, Ronin Publishing, 1997, ISBN 091417195X , p. 39.
- ↑ Olabode Ogunbodede, Douglas McCombs, Keeper Trout, Paul Daley, Martin Terry: New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa / cultivars of Echinopsis spp. (Cactaceae) ("San Pedro") and their relevance to shamanic practice . In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology . Volume 131, Number 2, 2010, pp. 356-362, doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2010.07.021 .
- ↑ Hans-Friedrich Haage: Cacti . Neumann Verlag, Radebeul 1993, ISBN 3-7402-0136-3 , pp. 121-122.
- ^ Marlene Dobkin De Rios, Mercedes Cardenas: Plant hallucinogens, shamanism and nazca ceramics . In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology . Volume 2, Number 3, 1980, pp. 233-246, doi : 10.1016 / S0378-8741 (80) 81003-8 .
- ↑ Fernando Llosa Porras: Chavin: An Ancient Temple Ruin in Peru . In: Graphis . Volume 30, number 172, 1974, 146-151.
- ^ Bonnie Glass-Coffin: Shamanism and San Pedro through Time: Some Notes on the Archeology, History, and Continued Use of an Entheogen in Northern Peru . In: Anthropology of Consciousness . Volume 21, number 1, 2010, pp. 58-82, doi : 10.1111 / j.1556-3537.2010.01021.x .
- ^ Richard Evans Schultes, Albert Hofmann, Christian Rätsch: Plants of the gods: their sacred, healing, and hallucinogenic powers . 2nd revised edition, Healing Arts Press, 2001, ISBN 0892819790 , pp. 166-169.
