Birch milkling

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Birch milkling
Lactarius torminosus (3) .JPG

Birch milkling ( Lactarius torminosus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Birch milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius torminosus
( Schaeff. ) Gray

The birch milkling ( Lactarius torminosus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives . It is a fairly common, medium-sized milkling with a strongly curled, felty, shaggy edge. The hat is yellowish pink in color and has several, darker, concentric zones. The stem is soon hollow and often has pitted spots. The Milchling has plenty of white, fiery hot milky juice and is therefore probably slightly poisonous. Nevertheless, it is eaten in many Eastern European countries after appropriate pre-treatment. The Latin species attribute ( epithet ) torminosus means suffering from colic. Other names for this typical birch companion are Zottiger Birken-Milchling , but also Birkenreizker or Zottiger Reizker , although the species is not a "real" Reizker .

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 5–12 (–15) ​​centimeters wide and initially arched and later spread out. The middle is somewhat deepened in ripe specimens, old fruiting bodies are flat, funnel-shaped. The pale salmon-colored, pink, flesh-red to flesh-brownish hat has concentrically arranged rings of lighter and darker zones. The colors fade a little with age. The edge remains rolled up for a long time and has a shaggy hairy border. The surface of the hat is felty and smeary when wet. Old specimens tend to shed.

The whitish to pale pink colored and firm stem is 2–8 (9) centimeters long and 1–2 (3) centimeters thick and often shows pitted, flesh-pink spots. It becomes hollow as it ages.

Young fruiting body with a felty lined and curved edge and lamellae forked on the stem

The lamellas are very crowded and have grown straight or run down slightly on the handle, they are often forked near the handle. They are whitish cream to pale flesh-colored. The spore powder is pale yellow.

The flesh is white, firm but brittle. When injured, it secretes white, unchanging milk. Like the meat, it has a fruity smell and a sharp taste.

The burning hot and abundant milk is pure white. It does not yellow or only rarely. A slight yellowing can only be seen on a white handkerchief.

The hard, firm and brittle flesh is white to pale pink and smells slightly fruity or geranium-like. It tastes like the burning hot milk.

Microscopic features

The spores are approximately 8-10 micrometers long and 6-8 micrometers wide. They are approximately spherical to broadly elliptical. The amyloid ornament on the surface of the spores is partly reticulate, with broken ridges and some isolated warts. The prominences are about 0.5-0.7 micrometers high. The apiculus is very prominent. The club-shaped to cylindrical basidia , which are the cells that carry spores, are 30–47.7 micrometers long and 7.3–8.2 micrometers wide. They each have four spurs. The pleurocystids are macrocystids , i.e. very long cystids that are embedded in the hymenium in which they usually have their origin. But some also arise in the upper subhymenium . They are 40-80 micrometers long and 5-9.5 micrometers wide. The Macrocystiden are abundant, they are spindle-shaped to bulbous and often swollen on one side. They gradually taper towards the tip and their contents are granular and hyaline. The cheilocystids on the lamellar edge are somewhat smaller, about 30–52 micrometers long and 4.5–8.0 micrometers thick, but otherwise correspond to the macrocystids.

Species delimitation

The birch milkling is referred to in many mushroom guides as the double of the noble irritant ( L. deliciosus ). Both species have only a distant similarity, one is a birch companion, the other grows under pine trees. The milk color alone is white here, orange-red there differs so clearly that confusion is impossible.

On the other hand, there is a great similarity to the fringed milkling or pale villi ( L. citriolens ), which also occurs under birch trees, has a bearded edge and is also more or less concentrically zoned. It is more pale yellow in color and has a full (not hollow) stem even when ripe. Its flesh turns yellowish when cut and clearly smells of geranium leaves or old lemons.

The Fluffy Milchling looks similar, but its hat is unzoned.

Another extremely rare species in Germany is the eyelash milkling ( Lactarius resimus ). Its fruiting bodies are initially whitish and later more yellowish in color. The hat is more or less unzoned. The Milchling is a birch companion that prefers nutrient-poor, acidic sandy soils.

The Fluffy Milchling , which also grows under birch trees, is also very similar to the birch Milchling in shape and surface. However, the hat is whitish to pale pink and always unzoned. The spores are also somewhat smaller at 6–8.5 × 5–6.5 micrometers.

ecology

The birch milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that is strictly linked to the birch in Germany. In North America, however, it can also partner with hemlocks tsuga or aspens . The mushroom is usually found sociable in forests, gardens and parks, where it grows under or near birch trees. The Milchling is not tied to certain forest types or societies and can occur almost anywhere where its host, the birch, also grows. It likes acidic, dry to moderately moist soils, but can also be found on other soils. The fruiting bodies appear between August and October.

distribution

Distribution of the birch milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The birch milkling is a holarctic species that occurs in the temperate and boreal climate zone and penetrates into subactic areas. The fungus is found in North Asia (Siberia, China, Korea and Japan), North America (Mexico, USA, Canada and Greenland), the Canary Islands, North Africa and Europe. There is also evidence from New Zealand and Australia. The North American distribution extends north into the Yukon and as far as Alaska, and in the south as far as Mexico. In Europe you can find it mainly in Great Britain, Central, Eastern and Northern Europe. In Scandinavia it is widespread as far as Arctic-Alpine Lapland and it is also found in Iceland. The fungus is rarer in western and southern Europe.

In Germany the Milchling is widespread, but not very common, but despite the slight tendency to decline, the species is still safe. The species is also widespread in Austria and Switzerland, although not often.

Inquiry systematics

The species is placed in the Tricholomoidei section by M. Bon . The representatives of this section have hats with fringed, shaggy or woolly hat brims and always white milk. In some species, the milk can turn yellow in the air. Closely related species are the downy birch and the fringed milkling .

Food value

The birch milkling is raw and toxic without appropriate treatment. Terpenes are responsible for the toxicity and the pungent taste . The poison mainly affects the gastrointestinal tract , whereby the mucous membranes are irritated ( gastrointestinal intoxication ). The consequences can be abdominal pain , colic , calf cramps , severe diarrhea and vomiting as well as acidosis and desiccosis after a latency period of half an hour to three hours .

In Northern and Eastern Europe , the birch milkling (like many other hot-tasting milklings) is still collected in large quantities and, after appropriate pre-treatment, consumed without any discomfort. To do this, the mushrooms are cut into small pieces, watered overnight, boiled in fresh water for 5 minutes and used like other mushrooms after the scalded water has been drained off. Often they are then pickled in salt or spiced vinegar . During this process, the harmful resinous and bitter substances contained in milk are removed.

Web links

Commons : Birken-Milchling ( Lactarius torminosus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Birkenreizker  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Hermann Jahn: Mushrooms all around: Lactarius torminosus. (PDF [6.1MB]) In: pilzbriefe.de. Westfälische Mushroom Letters, p. 163 [No. 212] , accessed June 24, 2011 .
  2. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 200 .
  3. ↑ a b Ewald Gerhart: Mushrooms . Ed .: BLV Verlagsgesellschaft. tape 1 : Lamellar fungi, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellae. Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , pp. 282 .
  4. ↑ a b Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA .: Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada: Including other Inedible Fungi . Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Markham, Ontario 1985, ISBN 0-88902-977-6 , pp. 273-74 .
  5. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 82 .
  6. ↑ D. Arora: Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Ten Speed ​​Press, Berkeley, CA 1986, ISBN 0-89815-169-4 , pp. 73 ( online ).
  7. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 374.
  8. ^ Lactarius torminosus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .
  9. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius torminosus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  10. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 .
  11. ^ Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne and Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann, Henning Knudsen. tape 6 . Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, ISBN 978-87-635-1277-0 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37-59 .
  12. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( online , PDF; 592 kB).
  13. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( online [accessed January 9, 2012]).
  14. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 ( PDF, 1.6MB ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed July 9, 2013]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.protectedareas.mk
  15. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. In: www.cybertruffle.org. 2006, accessed February 28, 2012 .
  16. ↑ Schalkwijk-Barendsen HME .: Mushrooms of Western Canada . Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton 1991, ISBN 0-919433-47-2 , pp. 215 .
  17. ^ Guzmán G .: Some distributional relationships between Mexican and United States mycofloras . In: Mycologia . 65, No. 6, 1973, pp. 1319-30. doi : 10.2307 / 3758146 . PMID 4773309 .
  18. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on November 18, 2011 .
  19. ↑ Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 112.
  20. ↑ Norbert Amelang: Mushrooms in Western Siberia - a taste. (PDF 0.5 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 23, 2004 ; Retrieved June 26, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uni-greifswald.de