Jacob Christian Schäffer

Jacob Christian Schäffer

Jakob or Jacob (Gottlieb) Christian (von) Schäffer , also Schaeffer , (born May 31, 1718 in Querfurt , † January 5, 1790 in Regensburg ) was a Saxon , German Protestant pastor, superintendent , associate professor , botanist , mycologist , entomologist , Ornithologist and inventor . Its official botanical author's abbreviation is “ Schaeff. "

He should not be confused with the doctor Jacob Christian Gottlieb von Schäffer (1752–1826), his nephew.

Life

The birthplace in Querfurt

Childhood, youth and education

Jacob Christian Schäffer was born on May 31, 1718 in Querfurt (today Saxony-Anhalt ). His father was the archdeacon Johann Christoph Schäffer, his mother Martha Viktoria Schäffer, geb. Schernberger. The father, born in 1677, died in 1728. Schäffer then grew up with five siblings in poor circumstances. He received lessons in Querfurt and Glaucha and then at the Greiz grammar school . In 1735 he was accepted into the Latina of the Francke Foundations in Halle (Saale) . He lived from the "mensa ambulatoria" and the carolers. This is a school choir that received alms for publicly singing sacred songs. Schäffer also gave tutoring at the foundation's girls' school.

Evangelical theologian

From 1736 to 1738 he studied Protestant theology at the University of Halle without a degree, then from 1738 he was tutor in Regensburg . In 1739 he gave his first sermon in Regensburg. In 1741 he was ordained in the Regensburg Neupfarrkirche, although he had not completed his studies, did not come from Bavaria and was therefore considered a foreigner. he took over the office of preacher and associate professor . In 1760 the University of Wittenberg awarded him a doctorate in philosophy and in 1763 he received his doctorate in theology from the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen . During his tenure, he often had political and theological arguments, mostly because of questions about the church's course and because of his numerous secondary activities. In 1779 he was appointed superintendent of the evangelical community and pastor of the new parish church.

botanist

In 1759, in the book Artzney's Facilitated Herbal Science , he described the medicinal properties of plants in order to give doctors and pharmacists a practical guide. The plant genus Schaefferia Jacq. in the spindle tree family (Celastraceae) is named after him.

Mycologist

From 1762 to 1764 he published the Naturally elaborated illustrations of Baierischer and Palatine sponges that grow around Regensburg in four volumes with numerous colored illustrations. Because of his systematic approach, Schäffer is known as the German Linnaeus and is seen as the founder of mushroom science in Germany. In his tribute in 1924 , the mycologist Matthias Sebastian Killermann referred to “the not insignificant number of mushroom varieties that bear his name.” More recently, the mycologist Heinrich Dörfelt has dealt with Schäffer's importance for mushroom science.

entomologist

Insect sketches by Jacob Christian Schäffer

Among his most important works are the Elementa entomologica , written in 1789 as an introduction to entomology, and the work Icones insectorum circa ratisbonam indigenorum coloribus naturam referentibus expressae , published in 1779 in three volumes , which contains 280 hand-colored copper plates with over 3000 images of the insects in the Regensburg area. In 1752, after an excursion there, he dealt with a caterpillar plague that had afflicted parts of what was then Saxony, including his home town of Querfurt. Schäffer also tried to improve preparation techniques.

Researchers and developers

Schäffer researched physical issues related to electricity , color and optics . He made lenses and prisms . He played a key role in the development and improvement of technical devices such as sawing machines , ovens and burning mirrors .

Schaeffer joined in the search for a machine for its paper attempts to replace the then customary in paper mills Hollander beater may be appropriate, to the description of a washing machine of Gotthard Friedrich Stender , which had been imported from England to Hanover and Braunschweig. Inspired by this, Schäffer had such a machine built on the basis of this description and carried out tests. Due to his testing experience, some changes have been made. He published this experience and the structure of the washing machine for households in the text The comfortable and most advantageous washing machine . The machine is said to have been made in around 60 copies and sold well at home and abroad.

A replica of Schäffer's washing machine is in the Miele Museum in Gütersloh . It was made in 1988 for the 60th birthday of the then managing director of Miele, Peter Zinkann , by employees of the company . Another replica, made by Böttcher Carsten Romberg from Roßbach near Naumburg exactly to the original dimensions, was unveiled on November 27, 2012 in the Querfurt branch of the Saalesparkasse.

Triggered by the increasing shortage of rags or rags made of linen and hemp textiles from the beginning of the 18th century, which at that time served as almost the only raw materials for paper production in Germany, there was a shortage of paper, which Schäffer also lost 1760 was affected and therefore had to leave treatises unprinted. He therefore began to look for other raw materials as a substitute for rags and found treatises on the use of plant fibers and wood in the scientific literature; specifically, he saw Jean-Étienne Guettard's comprehensive directory as worthy of imitation. Schäffer carried out attempts in 1761 to make paper from poplar wool and grass wool (cotton grass), but this did not lead to any breakthrough success. In 1762 he submitted his treatise on these experiments to the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, of which he was a member, but publication did not take place until 1764. This delay in publication contradicted Schäffer's expectations, so that he decided to publish further articles on these experiments that had been announced the paper mill rejected as part of the Academic Treatise. On October 26, 1764, Rt canceled the Academy's annual pension of 200 guilders in order to get a free hand, and now published Monday with its publisher, from whom he received 1000 guilders annually.

After these first attempts, Schäffer carried out further extensive experiments in order to produce paper without rags, if possible. As alternative raw materials, he experimented again with the seed wool of the black poplar and cotton grass, but also that of the thistles as well as with moss, lichens, hops, grapevines, field moss, mugwort, corn, nettles, aloe, straw, cattails, blue cabbage, lilies, peat, Silk plants, gorse, hemp shives, potato plants, clematis, pine cones, various types of wood such as willow, aspen and spruce, wasp nests (based on information from René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur ) as well as with sawdust and roof shingles, but also with Cypriot asbestos stone. He published these experiments and his results with the associated paper samples in Regensburg in 1765 in experiments and samples to make paper without any rags or at least with a small addition of the same in two volumes, in New experiments and patterns to use the plant kingdom for paper making and other things economically in three volumes (1765, 1766, 1767) and in Repeated Attempts to make paper from all kinds of plants and wood types on ordinary paper mills . These experiments, cited in the six volumes, produced high-quality paper and were often based on raw materials that were not available in quantity for the increasing production needs, which is why they were rejected by the paper mills. In his history of technology, Karl Karmarsch , one of the leading technologists of the 19th century, therefore assessed Schäffer's paper experiments: “The hardworking man worked too small and lacked the technical judgment, such as mechanical and chemical aids, to really do that To put useful his attempts to practice. "

Recognitions and awards

Despite all the failures, Schäffer's credit remains to have looked for new raw materials for paper production in such a comprehensive series of tests at an early stage, which was recognized as follows:

“Like many brilliant inventors, Schäffer was also way ahead of its time ... Here and there, raw materials recommended by him for paper manufacture were checked again. (Tests in England, Italy, France and Ireland) were all raw materials that Schäffer had proposed and tested long before. "

“At a time when his contemporaries showed no understanding for his efforts, refused to acknowledge him and mocked him, Schäffer recognized with a far-sighted view the need to introduce additional raw materials into paper manufacture and, although not an expert, worked on it with all their might to prove the feasibility of his proposals through tests. "

“The best-known among the researchers who searched the realm of fibers in all directions a century before they were actually opened up is (...) Jacob Christian Schäffer. He wrote the six volumes, Experiments and Samples, published in Regensburg in the years 1765–1771, without any rags or at least with only a small addition of the same paper '. Schäffer wrote down his research in this work, which is one of the rarest books on paper history. He not only described his experiments in detail, but also provided it with samples of the papers produced in each case. "

"Jacob Christian Schaeffer did more than any of its predecessors for paper technology."

Emperor Josef II honored Schäffer by awarding him a gold chain . The Danish king made him honorary professor in Altona and extraordinary privy councilor .

Schaefferianum Museum

He set up an extensive natural history cabinet (Museum Schaefferianum) that was open to the public. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe visited it under the pseudonym Joh. Phillip Moeller on September 5, 1786 on his trip to Italy and called it the Schäfrisch Cabinet .

Member of scientific societies and academies

He belonged u. a. the academies in Göttingen, Berlin, Duisburg, Mannheim, Munich, Leipzig, Altdorf, Erlangen, St. Petersburg, Paris, London, Lund, Uppsala, Bern and Rovereto as well as the Physical-Botanical Society in Florence. In 1757 he was accepted into the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina ; he was a corresponding member of the Paris Académie des Sciences and in 1759 a founding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences .

Scientific correspondence

He was in scientific correspondence with the Swedish botanist Carl von Linné and the French physicist and zoologist René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur .

family

Schäffer was married three times: from 1743 to 1747 with Susanna Maria Weisböck, after her death from 1747 to 1759 with Maria Wilhelmina Regina Preidl, after her death from 1760 until his death with Sophia Christine Herrich. Between 1747 and 1753 he had four daughters. One of his siblings is the Regensburg city doctor and pharmacist Johann Gottlieb Schäffer (1720–1795); the Regensburg doctor Jacob Christian Gottlieb von Schäffer (1752–1826) is his son, i.e. his nephew. Jacob Christian Schäffer is occasionally confused with this.

Monument, memorial plaques and designations

• Memorial plaque on the house at Kirchplan 7 in Querfurt (Saxony-Anhalt), the house where he was born, here only honored as the "founder of mushroom science and inventor of wood paper" (since May 31, 1968)
• On August 1, 2013, a memorial plaque with further information on Schäffer's work was unveiled on the facade of this house.
• Memorial plaque on the house at Pfarrergasse 5 (Evangelical Dean's Office) in Regensburg (Bavaria): “The great natural scientist Dr. Jak. Christian Schaeffer… died in this house on January 3rd, 1790. “(Erroneously instead of January 5th, 1790)
• Since June 2, 2014, a street in Querfurt has been named after Jacob Christian Schäffer; it is near the house where he was born.
• On June 2, 2018, on the occasion of the 300th birthday, the first monument in honor of Schäffers was unveiled opposite the house in which he was born, at the Protestant town church St. Lamperti Querfurt, created by the Quedlinburg metal artist Jochen Müller.

Exhibitions

• Jacob Christian Schäffer. Exhibition in the Botanical Garden in Halle (Saale) from May 25 to 28, 1968.
• Jacob Christian Schaeffer - Superintendent, natural scientist, inventor. Exhibition in the University Library of Regensburg in spring 1993 (see catalog by Angelika Reich (Ed.): Jacob Christian Schäffer - Superintendent, natural scientist, inventor. Regensburg 1993, ISBN 3-88246-176-4 ).
• Paper creations. A homage to Jakob Christian Schaeffer (1718-1790). Exhibition by the Regensburg Youth Building for the Voluntary Year in Monument Preservation in the Historical Museum Regensburg from June 3 to July 1, 2012 (see also)
• Paper and plant. Exhibition in the Botanical Garden of the University of Tübingen from March 11, 2012 to February 10, 2013 with exhibits on Schäffer and paper production from plants.
• Jacob Christian Schäffer 1718-1790. Theologian and scientist. A documentation of its versatility. Exhibition at Querfurt Castle from June 2 to August 26, 2018.
• Jacob Christian Schäffer. Exhibition in the Natural History Museum of Eastern Bavaria from October 3 to November 25, 2018.
• The Alte Dombach paper museum in Bergisch Gladbach shows several exhibits on Schäffer's experiments with paper. On the way to the museum, reference is made to his work on the history of paper.

Fonts (selection)

Several of Schäffer's publications are easily accessible via the Göttingen Digitization Center of the Lower Saxony State and University Library in Göttingen.

Natural history writings

• News of a caterpillar that many years ago had done much damage in some places in Saxony; In addition to some suggestions, derived from the nature of this caterpillar, to reduce and eradicate them most easily; designed on request and left to print. Regensburg: Emanuel Adam Weiß (1752)
• The arm polyps discovered and described in the sweet waters around Regensburg. Regensburg: White (1754)
• Newly discovered parts of caterpillars and moths. In addition to the transformation of the houseleek caterpillar into a beautiful day bird with red eye mirrors. Regensburg: White (1754)
• The Afterholzbock previously described in a Latin letter to the Lord of Reaumur itzo in German; And accompanied by a message from the spring fly with short upper wings. Along with a copper plate with figures in colors. Regensburg: White (1755)
• The floral polyps of the sweet water are described and compared with the floral polyps of the salty water; together with three copper plates with figures in colors. Regensburg: White (1755).
• The cancerous jaw foot with the short and long tail flaps. Regensburg: White (1756)
• The flying shoreline or the detention for the same on the 11th of August. on the Danube, and especially on the Stone Bridge, at Regensburg extremely frequent appearances and flights. Regensburg: Zunkel (1757)
• Different Zwiefalter and beetles with horns. Along with three copper plates with figures in colors. Regensburg: Zunkel (1758)
• Preface to the work Onomatologia historiae naturalis Completa or complete lexicon which explains all the designations of the artificial words of natural history according to their full extent and the rich treasure of the whole nature through clear and correct descriptions of the useful and strange of all animals, plants and minerals both before doctors and others Lover in himself. Compiled for general use by a society of natural scientists according to the most correct documents. Volumes 1 to 7. Ulm, Frankfurt am Main and Leipzig: Gaumische Handlung (1761 - 1777) (Schäffer's preface comprises 40 pages)
• The fluke snails in the livers of sheep and the sheep disease that these worms cause. Second edition. Regensburg, Neubauer Writings (1762)
• Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones nativis coloribus expressae. Regensburg: publisher unknown (1762 and 1774).
• The saddle fly. 2nd Edition. Regensburg: New Building Writings (1762)
• The Zwiefalter or Afterjuengferchen. 2nd Edition. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Monday (1763)
• The wonderful owl hermaphrodite that has perhaps never appeared in nature, along with the tree caterpillar from which it originated. 2nd Edition. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Monday (1763)
• Explained suggestions for improving and promoting science. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Montag (1763 and 1764)
• Treatises on insects. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Montag (1764 and 1779)
• Icones Insectorum circa Ratisbonam indigenorum coloribus naturam referentibus expressae. Regensburg: Zunkel (1766)
• Facilitated Medicinal Herbal Science. In addition to four copper plates with painted illustrations. Second edition. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Montag (1770) Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
• The first and further experiments with snails and an addendum. Regensburg: Johann Christoph Keyser (1770)
• Elementa entomologica cum appendice; CXXV. tabulae aere excusae floridisque coloribus distinctae. Ratisbonae: Typis Weissianis (1766)

Technical writings

• The convenient washing machine, which is extremely beneficial for the economy in all respects. How these have been found proven in the experiments made with them and have been modified and improved every now and then so that they can be used all the more safely and useful. Regensburg: Zunkel (1766, addenda 1767 and 1768)
• Success of attempts to use the seed wool of the black poplar and wool grass for commercial purposes. In: Treatises of the Electoral-Baier Academy of Sciences. Second volume. II. Part. Munich 1764 pp. 261-298.
• Try and make patterns without all the rags or at least with a little addition of the same paper. First volume. Regensburg 1765.
• Try and make patterns without all the rags or at least with a small addition of the same paper. Second volume. Regensburg 1765.
• New attempts and patterns to use the vegetable kingdom for paper making and other things economically. First volume, Regensburg 1765.
• New attempts and patterns to use the vegetable kingdom for paper making and other things economically. Second volume. Regensburg 1766.
• New attempts and patterns to use the vegetable kingdom for paper making and other things economically. Third and last volume. Regensburg 1767
• Proefnemingen en monster-bladen om paper te maaken zonder lompen, often with a low byvoegzel derzelven. Uit het Hoogduitsch vertaald. First Deel. Jan Christiaan Sepp, Amsterdam 1770.
• Proefnemingen en monster-bladen om paper te maaken zonder lompen, often with a low byvoegzel derzelven. Uit het Hoogduitsch vertaald. Tweede Deel. Jan Christiaan Sepp, Amsterdam 1770.
• Repeated attempts to make paper from all kinds of plants and wood types on proper paper mills. All attempts sixth and last volume. Regensburg 1771.
• Sr. Königl. Majest. On Danish Rathes and Professors […] recommendation, description and extended use of the so-called post-oven, which is extremely advantageous for the preservation of wood. Regensburg: Johann Christoph Keyser (1770)
• All paper tests. Six volumes. Second edition. In addition to one and eighty patterns and three toe, partly illuminate partly black copper plates. Regensburg: Zunkel (1772)
• Experiments with the constant electricity carrier. Four treatises with seven copper plates. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Monday (1780)

Theological writings

• Scriptural proof that Christ did not die on a Wednesday, but on a Friday, and consequently did not lie in the grave for three full days and three full nights, but only until the third day. Regensburg: Zunkel (1746)
• Jacob Christian Schäffers, the Protestant parish of Regensburg Pastors and Superintendents, EHE Consistorii Assessoris primari and Scholarchens, Sr. Königigl. Majesty in Denmark, Norway and Rath and Professor's inaugural sermon, which was delivered on the 1st Sunday after Trinity as the usual penitential prayers and festivals in the new parish. In addition to their presentation speech to the entire WE Ministry. Regensburg: publisher unknown (1779)
• Schaeffer, Jacob Christian: Entry in the consistorial protocol. In: ELKA Regensburg No. 52, supplement FF.
• Four sermons on faith and two weekly sermons on texts from the Holy Scriptures. Regensburg: publisher and year unknown

literature

• Friedrich Schlichtegroll : Nekrolog for the year 1790. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1791 (with detailed appreciation of the life and work of Schäffer, who died in 1790).
• Claus Nissen: The zoological book illustration. Your bibliography and history. Volume I: Bibliography. Anton Hiersemann Verlag, Stuttgart 1969, p. 321 (2nd column) and 362–364.
• Edmund Neubauer: Superintendent Jacob Christian Schäffer as an important zoologist and botanist. In: Edmund Neubauer: The spiritual and cultural life of the imperial city of Regensburg (1750–1806). (For information on Schäffer, see pp. 91–99 and pp. 119–122, pp. 134–136, pp. 164–172 and other pages). Phil. Diss. Regensburg 1978. Commission bookstore R. Wölfle, Munich 1979 (= New series of publications of the Munich City Archives, Volume 105), ISBN 3-87913-093-0
• Wolfhart Schlichting: Jakob Christian Schaeffer. Christian in the Age of Enlightenment. In: Wolfhart Schlichting: Miniatures from the history of the church in Regensburg. Flacius-Verlag, Fürth 1983, pp. 42-49. ISBN 3-924022-00-3
• Günter Bayerl : 'And secondly, men can also take care of this part of the washing business if they have nothing else to do.' Washing in the early modern era and the innovation of the washing machine. In: Uwe Bestmann u. a. (Ed.): High finance, economic areas, innovations. Volume III. Auenthal Verlag, Trier 1987, pp. 1063-1099. ISBN 3-89070-014-4 (with detailed appreciation of Schäffers)
• Mila Herrmann: Jacob Christian Schaeffer's life picture. In: Mykologisches Mitteilungsblatt (Halle / Saale), Issue 2/1988, pp. 33–43.
• Angelika Reich (Ed.): Jacob Christian Schäffer - Superintendent, natural scientist, inventor. University Library, Regensburg 1993. (Catalog for an exhibition in the Regensburg University Library in spring 1993)
• Markus Tanne: Jakob Christian Schaeffer. Superintendent and naturalist. In: Martina Lorenz (Ed.): In the tower, in the cabinet, in the laboratory. Forays into the history of science in Regensburg. Universitätsverlag, Regensburg 1995, pp. 164-174. ISBN 3-930-480-60-3
• Ernst Wunschmann:  Schaeffer, Jacob Christian . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 30, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1890, p. 531 f.
• Frieder Schmidt:  Schaeffer, Jacob Christian Gottlieb von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 22, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-428-11203-2 , p. 519 f. ( Digitized version ).
• Manfred Knedlik:  SCHAEFFER, Jacob Christian. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 19, Bautz, Nordhausen 2001, ISBN 3-88309-089-1 , Sp. 1221-1226.
• Eckart Roloff : Jacob Christian Schäffer: The Regensburg Humboldt becomes a pioneer for washing machines, mushrooms and paper. In: Eckart Roloff: Divine flashes of inspiration. Pastors and priests as inventors and discoverers. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2010, pp. 159–182 (with references to literature and places of remembrance). ISBN 978-3-527-32578-8 . 2nd updated edition 2012 (paperback) ISBN 978-3-527-32864-2
• Eckart Roloff: Pastor Jacob Christian Schäffer, the forgotten pioneer from Querfurt. In: Kreisverwaltung Saalekreis (Ed.): Heimat-Jahrbuch Saalekreis 2012, Volume 18. Merseburg 2012, pp. 51–55.
• Eckart Roloff: clergy with flashes of inspiration. (About Jacob Christian Schäffer and Claude Chappe.) In: Culture and Technology. The magazine from the Deutsches Museum. Issue 3/2012, pp. 48–51. ISSN  0344-5690 .
• Eckart Roloff: The Da Vinci of Querfurt. The inventor of the mechanical washing machine was rediscovered in Saxony-Anhalt. In: Neues Deutschland, December 14, 2012, p. 12.
• Eckart Roloff: Jacob Christian Schäffer - News about the Querfurt multi-talent. In: Kreisverwaltung Saalekreis (ed.): Heimat-Jahrbuch Saalekreis 2013, Volume 19. Merseburg 2012, pp. 94–97.
• Udo Richter and Wolfgang Proske: A Jacob Christian Schäffer Story. In: Der Tintling , issue 4/2014, pp. 4-7.
• Christine Gottfriedsen: Jacob Christian Schäffer, preacher and superintendent in Regensburg. In: Querfurter Heimatblätter , issue 10/2015, pp. 27–33.
• Benedikt Dietsch: The forgotten genius. (On Schäffer's 300th birthday on May 30, 2018.) In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung , April 26, 2018, p. 20.
• Eckart Roloff: What connects wasp nests and washing machines. For the 300th birthday of the natural scientist, technician and pastor Jacob Christian Schäffer from Querfurt. In: Neues Deutschland , 26./27. May 2018, p. 25.
• City of Regensburg, Kulturreferat (Ed.): Jacob Christian Schäffer (1718-1790). Universal genius in Regensburg - pastor, natural scientist, technician, inventor. For his 300th birthday. Regensburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-943222-47-0 .
• Wolfgang Proske and Rudolf Knoblich: Jacob-Christian-Schäffer-Ehrung on June 2, 2018 in Querfurt. In: Der Tintling, No. 116/2018, pp. 33–38.

Web links

Wikisource: Jacob Christian Schäffer  - Sources and full texts

• Literature by and about Jacob Christian Schäffer in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by and about Jacob Christian Schäffer  in the German Digital Library
• Search for "Jacob Christian Schäffer" in the SPK digital portal of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
• Author entry and list of the described plant names for Jacob Christian Schäffer at the IPNI
• Correspondence between Jacob Christian Schäffer and Carl von Linné
• Digitized works by Schaeffer - SICD of the Universities of Strasbourg

Individual evidence

1. ^ Rudolf Vierhaus: German Biographical Encyclopedia (DBE). 2nd edition, 11th volume: Supplements / register of persons , Saur, 2008, ISBN 978-3-598-25041-5 , p. 850.
2. ^ Karin Montag: Mushroom books by Jacob Christian Schaeffer. In: tintling.com. Retrieved on June 21, 2014 (entry of Jacob Christian Schäffer's baptism in the church book). 
3. ↑ Robert Zander : Zander hand dictionary of plant names. Edited by Fritz Encke , Günther Buchheim, Siegmund Seybold . 13th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8001-5042-5 .
4. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names - Extended Edition. Part I and II. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5 doi: 10.3372 / epolist2018 .
5. ^ S. Killermann: Dr. Jakob Christian Schaeffer in Regensburg (1718-1790) . In: Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde, 3rd year 1924, pp. 49–53. [1]
6. ↑ Schäffer, Jacob Christian: The convenient and most advantageous washing machine. How such has been found to be tried and tested in the experiments made with it and how it can be used all the more safely and usefully from time to time, modified and improved. Regensburg: Zunkel, 1766 , queried on June 24, 2014.
7. ↑ Homepage Miele Museum in Gütersloh
8. ↑ Replica of the washing machine revealed on www.mz-web.de.
9. ↑ Jacob Christian Schäffer: Success of attempts to use the seed wool of the black poplar and wool grass for economic purposes . In: Treatises of the Electoral-Baier Academy of Sciences . Second volume. II Theil. Munich 1764. p. 264.
10. ↑ Jacob Christian Schäffer: Success of attempts to use the seed wool of the black poplar and wool grass for economic purposes . In: Treatises of the Electoral-Baier Academy of Sciences . Second volume. II Theil. Munich 1764. p. 269.
11. ↑ Mr. Guettard's investigations into materials which can be used for making paper . From the Journal Oeconomique . Juillet 1751 as a translation in: Hamburgisches Magazin or collected writings on teaching and enjoyment, from natural research and the pleasant sciences in general . Edited by Abraham Gotthelf Kaestner and Johann August Unzer. Hamburg and Leipzig 1757. Volume 18, pp. 339-377.
12. ↑ Jacob Christian Schäffer: Success of attempts to use the seed wool of the black poplar and wool grass for economic purposes . In: Treatises of the Electoral-Baier Academy of Sciences . Second volume. II Theil. Munich 1764. pp. 264-298
13. ↑ Lorenz Westenrieder : History of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. First part from 1759 to 1777, Munich 1804, pp. 245–247.
14. ^ Jacob Christian Schäffer: New attempts and patterns to use the vegetable kingdom for paper making and other things in an economically useful way. First volume, Regensburg 1765. pp. 8-16.
15. ^ Karl Karmarsch: History of technology since the middle of the eighteenth century . R. Oldenbourg publisher. Munich 1872, p. 737.
16. ^ Wilhelm Sandermann: Jacob Christian Schäffer and its significance in the history of paper. In: Yearbook of Paper History / Jahrbuch der Papiergeschichte. IPH - International Association of Paper Historians, Basel 1980, Volume 1, pp. 184-185.
17. ^ Wilhelm Herzberg: The Schaeffer'schen paper experiments. Hagen-Kabel 1949, p. 42.
18. ↑ Armin Renker : The book on paper. Insel, Wiesbaden 1950, 3rd edition, p. 59.
19. ^ Dard Hunter : Papermaking. The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft. New York: Dover Publications, 2011, pp. 317-327, ISBN 0-486-23619-6 .
20. ^ The German Library: International Bibliography on Paper History (IBP). Walter de Gruyter, 2003, ISBN 978-3-110-96678-7 , p. 618, ( limited preview in the Google book search).
21. ^ Member entry by Jacob Christian Schäffer at the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina , accessed on February 10, 2016.
22. ↑ Member entry by Prof. Dr. Jacob Christian Schäffer (with picture) at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , accessed on February 10, 2016.
23. ↑ Report on the unveiling of the monument in Querfurt ( Memento of the original from June 12, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on mdr.de. 
24. ↑ Anke Losack: Final touches. - The monument, which was erected in honor of Jacob Christian Schäffer on the church plan in Querfurt, is now complete - In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . 19th November 2018.
25. ↑ Creations made of paper on denkmalschutz.de, May 31, 2012.
26. ↑ Paper & Plant , exhibition from March 11, 2012 to February 10, 2013 ( Memento of the original from April 7, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on uni-tuebingen.de. 
27. ↑ Video ( Memento of the original from June 12, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on mdr.de. 
28. ↑ Wolfgang Proske and Rudolf Knoblich: Jacob-Christian-Schäffer-Ehrung on June 2, 2018 in Querfurt. In: The Tintling. Issue 6/2018, pp. 33–38.
29. ^ Susanne Wolke: Jacob Christian Schäffer, the Regensburg universal genius. In: Onetz. from November 20, 2018. online .
30. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from March 25, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at industriemuseum.lvr.de. 
31. ↑ Zoologica von Schäffer on gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de.