Eyelash milkling

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Eyelash milkling
The eyelash milkling (Lactarius resimus)

The eyelash milkling ( Lactarius resimus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Eyelash milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius resimus
Fr. Fr.

The eyelash milkling ( Lactarius resimus ) is a type of fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a large to very large milkling with an initially pure white, unzoned hat and white milk that turns yellow. The brim of the hat is initially hairy and the stem is never pitted. The inedible Milchling, which occurs predominantly in Northeastern Europe, is mainly associated with birch and pine. The species is very rare in Central Europe, the fruiting bodies appear in August and September.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 6–15 (20) cm wide, flatly arched when young and beaked in the middle, then increasingly depressed in the middle. With age, the rim is expanded and the hat deepens increasingly funnel-shaped. The edge remains curved for a long time and is hairy when young. The surface is more or less smooth, sticky, slimy and shiny when wet. The young hat is colored pure white, then it turns pale cream or straw yellow and at least in the middle often becomes pale cream or ocher spots. Weakly developed zones are rarely seen.

The rather dense, broadly grown or slightly sloping lamellae are quite broad, pale cream when young and later increasingly reddish ocher in color. Some are forked near the stem. The spore powder is pale cream in color.

The cylindrical to bulbous or irregularly shaped stem is 3–5.5 cm long and 2–3 cm wide. The surface is smooth, sometimes velvety at the base and white to whitish-yellow in color. Sometimes there are a few ocher-colored pits or spots in the lower part of the stem.

The white flesh is firm and the stem is hollow. When cut, it turns lemon yellow under the cap skin and in the stem bark. It tastes mild at first and then slowly spicy, sometimes bitter. The smell is slightly fruity. The white, sparsely flowing milk turns sulfur yellow within 10 to 20 seconds and also tastes hot.

Microscopic features

The rounded to elliptical spores are on average 8.0–8.6 µm long and 5.9–6.3 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.45. The incompletely reticulated spore ornament is about 0.8 µm high and consists of rows of ridges and warts, most of which are connected like a network and a few isolated warts. The hillock is amyloid .

The cylindrical to club-shaped or bulbous, mostly 4-spore basidia are 35–50 µm long and 9–11.5 µm wide. The sinuous-cylindrical to spindle-shaped pleuromacrocystids are scattered or rare and usually only occur on the base of the lamellae. They measure 40–70 × 7.5–9 µm. Usually they are not constricted at the top. The lamellar edge is sterile and covered with 12–40 µm long and 4.5–9.5 µm wide, mostly septate paracystidia . These are club-shaped to cylindrical or narrow, bottle-shaped and often constricted at the tip like a pearl necklace.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 200–400 µm thick ixocutis , made up of parallel hyphae 2–7 µm wide .

Species delimitation

The eyelash milkling is particularly similar to the water-rigged milkling ( L. aquizonatus ) and the fringed milkling ( L. citriolens ). It can be distinguished from these two species mainly by the downy brim of the hat, the lack of clear zoning and the wider spores. The other large, white-capped milklings, such as the woolly milkling ( L. vellereus ) or the long-stemmed ( L. piperatus ) and the green pepper-milkling ( L. glaucescens ), have a white, (for a long time) unchangeable milk that never changes discolored sulfur yellow.

ecology

The eyelash milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that is associated with birch and pine trees. However, other trees may also serve as hosts. It is usually found on dry, acidic sandy soils, but it can also occur in calcareous locations. The fruiting bodies appear in August and September.

distribution

Distribution of the eyelash milkling in Europe.
Legend:
green = countries with found reports
white = countries without evidence
light gray = no data
dark gray = non-European countries

The Holarctic species is found in North Asia (Siberia, Russia-Far East), North America (USA, Canada) and Europe. However, it is not yet entirely clear whether the evidence from North America really relates to this species. In Europe, the Milchling occurs mainly in Fennoscandinavia and Eastern Europe (Russia). In Scandinavia it can be common locally. The fungus is rare to very rare in Central and Western Europe. The red list of large mushrooms in Germany lists the species as critically endangered (endangerment category 1).

In Germany, the Milchling was found in Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and North Rhine-Westphalia. The Milchling is also rare in Switzerland.

Systematics

The eyelash milkling was first described by EM Fries in 1815 as Agaricus intermedius var. Expallens and thus as a variety of the Grubigen Milchling . In 1821 he raised it as Agaricus resimus to the species, before placing it in the genus Lactarius in 1838 , so that it got its name, which is valid today. Further nomenclature synonyms are: Galorrheus resimus (Fr.) P. Kumm. (1871) and Lactifluus resimus (Fr.) Kuntze (1891)

In Lactarius resimus within the meaning of Ricken and Bresadola is L. citiolens Pouzar , the Fringe Milchling. The species attribute "resimus" means curved upwards.

Inquiry systematics M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen placed the eyelash milkling in the Scrobiculati subsection , which in Basso is below the Piperites section of the same name . With Heilmann-Clausen, however, the subsection is in the Zonarii section . The representatives of the subsection have a more or less greasy hat, the edge of which is more or less hairy. The hot and initially white milk turns yellow after a while. M. Bon places the Milchling in the Tricholomoidei section . The representatives are similar to those of the Zonarii section , but have a woolly, felty brim.

meaning

The spicy-tasting Milchling is considered inedible in Central Europe, in Russia and the Ukraine it is valued as an excellent edible mushroom after appropriate pre-treatment. There are two methods in use to make the mushroom edible.

  • 1st method
This method works similarly to the preparation of sauerkraut. The cleaned mushrooms are watered for about 12 hours. Then the water is squeezed out, the mushrooms are salted and seasoned and covered in a stone pot with a linen cloth, wooden board and stone. The brine must completely cover the mushrooms. The mushrooms are ready after about 40 days.
  • 2nd method
The cleaned mushrooms are about 20 min. cooked. Then they are placed in a salt and seasoning mixture for 4-5 days as described above and can then be eaten.

literature

  • Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 (English).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, p. 116-117 .
  2. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 96.
  3. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 371.
  4. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius resimus. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved September 17, 2011 .
  5. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, p. 271-73 .
  6. ↑ Lactarius resimus. Pilzoek database, accessed October 26, 2012 .
  7. ↑ Editor: Rote Liste Zentrum: Detail page - Rote Liste. Retrieved March 29, 2020 .
  8. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes Mycologicae . Ed .: sumptibus G. Bonnieri [Hauniae]. tape 1 , 1815, p. 58 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  9. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . tape I . Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 75 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  10. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 336 (Latin, books.google.de ).
  11. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 125 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  12. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Part 2. Leipzig / London / Paris 1891, p. 857 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
  13. ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon (=  Fungi Europaei . Band 7 ). 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 439 (Italian).
  14. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: resimus . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 2345 ( zeno.org ).
  15. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, p. 23-28 .
  16. ↑ ER Boa: Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview Of Their Use And Importance To People . Ed .: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ,. Rome 2004 ( Google Book ).
  17. ↑ Norbert Amelang: Mushrooms in Western Siberia - a taste . In: The Tintling . The mushroom newspaper . tape 8 , 1997 ( sibirien.csiewert.de ( memento from September 25, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 512 kB ]).

Web links

Commons : Wimpern-Milchling ( Lactarius resimus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files