Grubby Milchling

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Grubby Milchling
Grubiger Milchling (Lactarius scrobiculatus)

Grubiger Milchling ( Lactarius scrobiculatus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Grubby Milchling
Scientific name
Lactarius scrobiculatus
( Scop .: Fr. ) Fr.

The Grubige Fichten-Milchling or Grubige Milchling ( Lactarius scrobiculatus ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . It is a large to very large milk lump with white milk that turns yellow and tastes very hot. Its more or less zoned hat is bright yellow in color, which is why the mushroom is also called straw yellow milkling . The handle is speckled. The Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus of the spruce and appears between July and November on fresh, lime-rich soils. It is one of the pungent-tasting dairy dogs that are considered inedible or poisonous in Central Europe, but valued as an edible mushroom in Eastern Europe.

features

Macroscopic features

The lamellas are attached to the stem or run down easily.
The whitish stalk shows irregularly distributed pitted spots

The Grubige Milchling is a strikingly large Milchling with a 6–25 cm wide hat . In young fruit bodies this is arched and has a rolled-up edge of the hat, but soon the hat is flat to beaked and with age it is deeply depressed to funnel-shaped. The edge of the hat remains curved for a very long time. The surface is smooth or finely flaky in the middle and becomes increasingly fluffy to shaggy towards the edge, especially in young specimens. The hat skin is dry to damp, greasy or sticky. The hat is straw yellow, cream yellow or ocher yellow in color and usually zoned in a much darker concentric manner. In old age or when injured, the hat turns more honey-yellow to isabel-colored .

The young whitish, later creamy yellow lamellae have grown on the stem or run down a little. They are medium to wide and more or less dense. Sometimes they are cross-veined or forked near the stem. The blade edges are smooth and often colored gray-yellow. The spore powder is pale cream in color.

The cylindrical stalk , which is often slightly tapered towards the base, is 3–6 cm long and 1.5–3 cm wide. In young fruiting bodies, the stalk is full, but it soon becomes brittle and hollow. The stem surface is cream-white to pale cream-colored and has few to numerous, irregularly distributed ocher to brown-yellow and pitted, deepened spots.

The whitish flesh is firm and, when cut, immediately turns sulfur yellow under the cap skin and the stem bark. It smells fruity and sour and quickly tastes unpleasantly oily, bitter and hot. The white milk, which flows quite abundantly, quickly turns sulfur yellow and tastes mild at first, but after a short time bitter and hot.

Microscopic features

The spores are broadly elliptical and on average 7.6–8.7  µm long and 6.2–6.8 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament is 0.7–1 µm high and consists of several elongated, irregular warts and short, burr-like ribs that are not or only sparsely connected in a network. The hillock is inamyloid. The basidia are mostly club-shaped and measure (35–) 40–67 × 9–13 µm. They each wear four sterigms .

The lamellar sheaths are sterile, so they do not have any basidia. Cheilomacrocystidae are also absent, so the vagina is covered exclusively with 16–52 µm long and 6–10 µm wide paracystidae . These are club-shaped to irregularly cylindrical or winding and quite numerous. Also on the lamellar surface, macrocystids are only sparsely present or completely absent. But you can find them on the slat floor, where they can be quite numerous. They are 40–85 µm long, 5–9 µm wide, cylindrical to spindle-shaped and constricted one or more times at the tip.

The 250 µm thick hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is an ixocutis or an ixotrichoderm , which mainly consists of parallel 2.5–7 µm wide hyphae that are bound in a gelatinized mass. Individual hyphae can rise and their ends protrude from the hyphae. Lactifera only occur in deeper layers.

Species delimitation

The Grubige Milchling is usually easy to recognize by its size, the yellowish-colored hat, the dimple-spotted stem and the hot milk, which turns yellowish. The rare Shaggy Violet Milkling ( L. repraesentaneus ), which is a little more common especially in the Alpine region, looks very similar, but its milk turns purple when exposed to the air. The lion's yellow ( L. leonis ) and pale yellow villi milkling ( L. tuomikoskii ) can also look very similar. Both types are very rare in Germany.

The Löwengelbe Milchling also has a sulfur-yellow discoloration and occurs in comparable locations. However, it prefers slightly moist soils. It differs macroscopically by the non-zoned hat and microscopically by the clearly net-like ornamented spores and the significantly larger macrocystids. The pale yellow villi milkling, which is also similar, has a stalk with little or no pit and an unzoned hat. It prefers to grow on acidic soils.

ecology

Grubig Milchling in a montane spruce-beech forest in the Julian Alps (Slovenia)

Like all Milchlinge , the Grubige Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiotic partnership with spruce , but probably also with firs .

The Milchling grows in spruce (fir) beech forests and spruce forests of all ages. Occasionally it can also be found in deciduous canyons and on sloping debris under spruce trees, provided that the soil is adequately supplied with summer rainfall.

The Milchling needs fresh to moist soil that must not dry out completely. The soils should be medium to deep and rich in lime and nutrients. But they must not be too polluted with nitrogen. The Milchling likes sandy-clayey brown soils over limestone or at least well alkaline silicate soils. After liming, the fungus can also be found for a while in upright grove, beech, spruce, fir and spruce forests.

The fruiting bodies appear mostly gregarious from late July to early November. They are mainly found in the hills and mountains.

distribution

Distribution of the Grubige Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside of Europe are shown in gray.

The Grubige Milchling is a Holarctic species that is widespread across the northern hemisphere. The Milchling is found in North Asia (Asia Minor, Russia-Far East, Japan), North America (eastern USA), North Africa (Morocco) and in Europe. According to Kytövuori, the evidence from Asia and North America are different species.

In Europe, the species is widespread and extremely common in the limestone regions of Fennoscandinavia and in the central European hills and mountains. The northern limit of the distribution area extends to the 67th parallel. The species is particularly common in the Alps. In the west the distribution area extends from France, over the Benelux countries to Ireland and Great Britain. In the northeast it can be found in the Baltic states and Russia. In southern and southeastern Europe, the Milchling mostly only occurs in the mountainous region.

In Germany, the Grubige Milchling is mainly found in the southern low mountain ranges of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, towards the north it is constantly rarer. In Schleswig-Holstein and probably also in Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania the species seems to be largely absent. In Austria and Switzerland, however, the Milchling is very common.

Systematics

The Grubige Milchling was described as Agaricus scrobiculatus by Joannes Antonius Scopoli as early as 1772 and was sanctioned by Fries in 1821 . In 1838 Fries placed it in the genus Lactarius , giving the species its scientific name, which is valid today. Nomenclatory synonyms are Galorrheus scrobiculatus (Scop.) P. Kumm (1871) and Lactifluus scrobiculatus (Scop .: Fr.) Kuntze (1891). Another synonym is Agaricus intermedius Fr. (1815), it should be noted that Agaricus intermedius in the sense of Fries is not identical with Krombholz's Agaricus intermedius , which is synonymous with Lactarius intermedius the pitiful silver fir-Michling .

Inquiry systematics

The Grubige Fichten-Milchling is the type species of the sub-section Scrobiculati , which is below the section Piperites . The representatives of the subsection have a more or less greasy hat, the edge of the hat is more or less hairy and the initially white milk turns yellow after a while.

meaning

The Grubige Milchling is considered a toadstool . Terpenoid substances such as necatorone are considered poison here . After consuming this mushroom , gastrointestinal complaints occur (see mushroom poisoning , gastrointestinal syndrome ). The latency period is between ½ and 3 hours. There is a danger, him with his edible relative, the Lachsreizker ( Lactarius salmonicolor to be confused).

In Eastern Europe and Russia , however, the Grubige Milchling is also a popular edible mushroom . It is placed in cold water overnight, then cleaned and boiled for at least 30 minutes. Then it is usually either salted , pickled or fried.

literature

  • Lutz Roth, Hanns Frank, Kurt Kormann: Poisonous mushrooms, fungal poisons, molds, mycotoxins . ecomed, Landsberg am Lech 1990, ISBN 3-609-64730-2 .
  • Hans E. Laux: Edible mushrooms and their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-440-09637-8 .
  • Svengunnar Ryman, Ingmar Holmåsen: Mushrooms: over 1,500 mushroom species described in detail and photographed in their natural surroundings . Bernhard Thalacker, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-87815-043-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 334 (Latin, online ).
  2. ^ A b Synonyms of Lactarius scrobiculatus. (Scop.) Fr., Epicr. syst. mycol. (Upsaliae): 334 (1838). In: Index Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved January 10, 2012 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 104.
  4. ↑ a b Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 106 (English).
  5. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 200 .
  6. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 371.
  7. ↑ Lactarius scrobiculatus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Lactarius scrobiculatus. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved August 16, 2011 .
  9. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-273 (English).
  10. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( Online [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  11. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mešić: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, p. 287 ( online [accessed August 16, 2011]).
  12. ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 (English, PDF, 1.6MB ( memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed on July 9, 2013]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.protectedareas.mk
  13. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved January 10, 2012 .
  14. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed January 10, 2012 .
  15. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 125 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  16. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Part 2. Leipzig / London, Paris 1891, p. 857 ( Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  17. ^ Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 410-412 (Italian).
  18. ↑ Груздь жёлтый in the Russian-language Wikipedia
  19. ↑ Võiseen in the Estonian Wikipedia
  20. ↑ Kuulo Kalamees, Vello Liiv: 400 Eesti Seent . Eesti Loodusfoto, Tartu 2008, ISBN 978-9985-830-63-5 .

Web links

Commons : Grubiger Milchling ( Lactarius scrobiculatus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius scrobiculatus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin diagnosis).
  • Lactarius scrobiculatus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved January 10, 2012 (Italian, photos from Grubigen Milchling).