Milklings

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Milklings
Lactarius deliciosus

Milk cap ( Lactarius deliciosus )

Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings
Scientific name
Lactarius
Pers.
An important distinguishing feature to differentiate milklings and deaflings from other types of mushrooms is the stem. This can be broken in milklings and deaf ones such as apple meat. (Image: Wolliger Milchling)
The stem of most other types of mushroom, on the other hand, can only be divided into fibers. (Image: Sandröhrling)
Orange-brown milkling ( Lactarius aurantiofulvus )
Indigoreizker ( Lactarius indigo )

The Milchlinge ( Lactarius ) are a species-rich genus of mushrooms from the family of the deaf relatives . While all species of the deaf relatives with milk-based meat were previously placed in this genus, some species are now included in the genus Lactifluus based on molecular genetic studies .

features

The milklings usually form medium-sized, centrally-stalked fruiting bodies with a convex to funnel-shaped hat. The surface of the hat skin can be bare or downy, dry, sticky or slimy, often the hat surface is zoned. The edge of the hat can be straight or curled. The close-up, mostly thick lamellae are elastic to somewhat brittle, have grown straight to arched or run down the stem. In the vicinity of the stem they can be forked or connected by anastomoses. There are many intermediate lamellae between the lamellae. A ring is not formed on the handle. The soft to hard, always characteristic apple-like breaking trama (meat) consists of hyphae , spherocytes and the lactiferous hyphae ( laticifera ). The juice (“milk”) that is characteristic of the genus and that escapes when injured, can be watery, clear, white or colored, it can taste mild or hot. The taste and color of the milky juice, as well as its color change in the air, are important features that are used to determine the species. The spore powder is white to deep ocher, in some cases pink in color. The spores are decorated with warty to prickly, the ornament is amyloid (can be dyed with iodine). The spore shape is compact and elliptical.

ecology

The milklings live in ectomycorrhiza with deciduous or coniferous trees.

distribution

The milklings are common in the temperate zone of the Holarctic .

meaning

Some types of Milchlinge, especially red-milking types ( Reizker ) are popular edible mushrooms. There are no highly poisonous species among the dairy babies, but the sharp-tasting species can lead to gastrointestinal intoxication . In Eastern Europe and Asia in particular, species with hot-tasting milk are also eaten, sometimes after appropriate pre-treatment. Milklings must be heat-treated, as insufficiently cooked mushrooms can cause poisoning.

Systematics

The genus of the milklings comprises around 200 species worldwide and over 130 species in Central Europe. The following subdivision according to sections is based on Bon (1988), other classifications are possible.

The noble or blood stimulants have a reddish milk from the start, and in North American species also bluish in color. The taste is usually mild, sometimes unpleasant or bitter, the spore powder is white. Usually only conifers serve as mycorrhizal partners . rDNA analyzes show that the larch irritant also belongs to this group, although it has an invariably white milk.
Red-orange milk species
Blue milking species
White milking species
  • Section Zonarii
The representatives of the section have greasy and somewhat sticky hats that are more or less zoned. The hat color is yellow, ocher, yellow-brown or pink. The milk is white and does not change color, and the spore powder is white too. The Milchlinge taste bitter (often only after a while, but then clearly!). The zonarii are inedible or slightly poisonous.
Milklings with fringed, shaggy or woolly hats and always white milk are summarized in this section. In some species, the milk can turn yellow in the air. All species are inedible or slightly poisonous.
The hazel milkling ( L. pyrogalus ) is the type species of the Pyrogali section
The representatives of the section have damp, greasy or sticky hats. Your milk is usually white and does not discolour. When the milk dries up, it does not leave any stains on the lamellae, but it may occasionally turn yellow or green. All species are inedible or poisonous.
The representatives of the section have slimy, sticky hats. Your milk will turn gray or brown in the air and discolour the lamellae as it dries up. All types are inedible.
The violet milklings have milk that turns purple when exposed to air. The hat is slimy to sticky. All types are inedible.
The representatives of the section have more or less felty (not greasy) hats. The milk is sparse and / or watery. As edible mushrooms, they are meaningless, the breaker is considered poisonous.
The representatives of the section have a frosted to fluffy hat skin. Your milk is white and flowing freely. The meat is odorless or has an unobtrusive odor. All types are inedible.
Your hat surface is dull or smooth and cloudy red-brown to pale brown in color. The milk won't discolour even on a white cloth.
They are very similar to the representatives of the Subdulces section , but their hats are more brightly orange. The mild types of the section are edible.
The representatives have a smooth hat. Your milk turns yellow in the air, which can best be seen on a white cloth. The mild types are edible.
  • Section Plinthogali ( Fuliginosi )
The coral milklings have a white milk that turns pink or reddish brown when exposed to the air. Their hats are latte brown, brown to sooty black-brown. The top layer of the hat is palisade-shaped, so that its unzoned hat surface appears velvety. The spore powder is ocher. All types with a mild taste are edible.
In the section thin-fleshed species with a matt, uneven surface of the hat and an unrubbed edge are combined. The milk is watery and the smell is noticeably strong. The spores are more or less spherical and the spore powder is cream-ocher in color. The mild types are edible.
The representatives of the section are small milklings with hats one to three centimeters wide with a grooved edge. The smell is unobtrusive. The milk is sparse or dries up quickly. The spore powder is white, the spores clearly longer than wide. The representatives of the section are meaningless as edible mushrooms.

Lactifluus

In 2010 it was established on the basis of molecular genetic studies that the genus Lactarius was paraphyletic in the broad sense and comprised two separate lines. The retention of the name Lactarius for the larger of these two genera was proposed for practical reasons, as it required the renaming of fewer species. Actually, the name Lactifluus would have had nomenclature priority; it was instead proposed for the smaller genus with mainly tropical species.

With the Volemi, Pseudoalbati and Albati sections , some well-known milk lumps such as the Brätling or the Wollige Milchling were transferred to the genus Lactifluus .

literature

Web links

Commons : Lactarius Pers.  - Milchlinge  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Lactarius Pers.  - Milchlinge  - species directory

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Vegiftungsnotrufzentrale Nuremberg hospital.
  2. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 80 ff .
  3. ↑ B. Buyck, V. Hofstetter, A. Verbeken, R. Walleyn: Proposal to conserve `` Lactarius '' nom. cons. (Basidiomycota) with conserved type. In: Taxon . Volume 118, 2010, pp. 447-453.