Olive brown alder milkling
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The olive-brown alder milkling ( Lactarius obscuratus ) |
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| ( Lash ) Fr. |
The olive-brown alder milkling or alder-broken milkling ( Lactarius obscuratus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a small milkling with a smooth to wrinkled hat that is yellowish to orange or cinnamon brown in color and can sometimes also be tinted olive green. The Milchling is an alder companion that often occurs in large flocks on damp soils. The fruiting bodies appear from July to early November.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 1–3 cm wide, slightly arched when young, soon flattened and depressed in the middle with a small, blunt, darker-colored hump. The hat skin is more or less smooth and dull and feels a bit greasy when moist. It is colored orange-ocher to orange-brown, the middle usually being a little darker and often with an olive tinge. The edge is grooved through and smooth to slightly wavy.
The arched, young whitish and later dirty ocher-orange lamellae have grown broadly on the stem or run down a little. They are not or only slightly forked and their blade edges are smooth.
The cylindrical and with age hollow stem is 1–3 cm long and 3–5 cm wide. The surface is smooth, pale loose when young, later reddish-brown.
The meat is cream-colored to brownish and smells slightly fruity. The taste is mild, but rather unpleasant and often a little astringent. The white to watery-white milk is initially invariable, but turns yellowish after a few minutes on a white handkerchief.
Microscopic features
The almost round to elliptical spores are on average 7.1–8.1 µm long and 5.7–6.3 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament is between 0.8 and 1.3 µm high (-1.5) and consists of elongated burrs and short ribs that are connected by finer lines to form an incomplete, more or less irregular network. The hilly spot is usually inamyloid.
The cylindrical to club-shaped, single- to four-pore basidia are club-shaped and measure 30–50 × 8–12 µm. The pleuromacrocystids are rare to quite numerous and measure (35–) 40–120 × 5.5–12 µm. They are more or less cylindrical to narrowly spindle-shaped and pointed at the upper end. The lamellar edges are mostly sterile and have few to very numerous cheilomacrocystids that are 20–45 µm long and 5–8 (-10) µm wide. They are spindle-shaped to bottle-shaped and pointed at the top.
The cap skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 50–90 µm thick epithelium , which consists of rounded or more or less isodiametric and 10–25 µm wide cells. Chance are zystidenartige, kopfige, hyphae end cells indicate that 15-20 4-6 microns long and are microns wide.
Species delimitation
The olive-colored alder milkling is difficult to distinguish in the field from the closely related large- spore alder milkling ( L. cyathuliformis Bon ) and the also closely related moss-milkling ( L. omphaliformis (Lasch) Fr. ), as the hat is very variable in color can be. There are clans with red-brown and those with gray-brown or olive-tinted hats. The two species can best be distinguished on the basis of their spore shape and size. According to Heilmann-Clausen, L. cyathuliformis is said to have more olive-colored hats and larger spores and, according to Bon, a fairly short stem. Overall, the fruit bodies appear stronger than in the olive-colored alder milkling. The little Moos-Milchling can best be recognized by the pale and lively color of the hat and the soon-to-be-cracked skin of the hat. Its spores are medium in size.
ecology
The olive brown alder milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that only enters into a symbiotic relationship with alders. The Milchling is therefore found in grove-star chickweed and ash-black alder alluvial forests, in alder quarries and in gray alder forests. Together with alder it also grows in soft and hard wood meadows and in (star chickweed) - hornbeam oak forests . In damp depressions and at the edges of streams, the Milchling can often be found in the middle of beech , beech-fir and fir-spruce forests. The fungus likes moist to alternately wet, sluggish drainage, clayey, base-rich and nutrient-rich soils that are at least periodically oxygen-free. It occurs on muddy floodplain and deep gley floors. In the western Alps (Upper Savoy) the species rises together with green alder up to 1400 m above sea level. The fruiting bodies usually grow in groups and appear from mid-July to early November, sometimes even earlier.
distribution
The Milchling is a holarctic common species that occurs in North America (USA, Canada, Mexico), in North Asia (Kamchatka), on Greenland and in Europe. In Europe it is only moderately widespread to quite rare, but is probably found in the entire range of the alder. In the south the species is distributed from Spain via Italy to Slovenia and in the west from France via the Benelux countries to Ireland and Great Britain. In Great Britain the distribution area extends in the north to the Hebrides. The Milchling was found in all of Central Europe, in Fennoscandinavia and in neighboring northern Russia. In Germany the species occurs absent-mindedly or rarely and in Switzerland the Milchling is common but not common.
Systematics
The species was first described in 1828 by Wilhelm Lasch as Agaricus obscuratus . In 1838 Elias Magnus Fries placed the species in the genus Lactarius , so that the milkling was given its current name. The species has several taxonomic synonyms, among other things it was described by Fries in 1874 as Lactarius obnubilus . In 1891 Otto Kuntze put the Milchling in as Lactifluus obnubilus in his newly created genus Lactifluus . Today, Lactarius radiatus J.E. Lange (1940), who was downgraded by Romagnesi in 1974 to the variety Lactarius obscuratus var. Radiatus . Also Lactarius tabidus f. obscurior A. Blytt (1905) is now considered synonymous. Lactarius obscuratus in the sense of Moser (1983) and Korhonen (1984) is synonymous with Lactarius cyathuliformis Bon according to Heilmann-Clausen .
Inquiry systematics
M. Bon places the Milchling in the Obscurati section . The representatives of the section are small milklings with one to three centimeters wide hats that have a clearly grooved edge. The smell is unobtrusive. The milk is sparse or dries up quickly and its spores are significantly longer than they are wide. In Basso it is in the subgenus and section Rhysocybella .
Varieties
- Lactarius obscuratus var. Radiatus (JE Lange) Romagnesi 1974th
- The hat is devoid of olive tones. The middle of the hat is reddish-ocher to reddish-brown, the edge is paler and clearly radially grooved even when young. The Milchling grows under green alder in subalpine locations
- Lactarius obscuratus var. Subalpinus Basso 1999.
- The reddish-ocher-colored to reddish-brown hat is 2.3–5 cm wide and without olive-brown tones. The edge is clearly and long grooved, the lamellae and the stem are reddish-ocher, the milk more or less unchangeable. Sometimes it can slowly turn yellow on white paper. This variety also grows under green alder in subalpine locations .
meaning
The olive-brown alder milkling is not an edible mushroom.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 98 .
- ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 82.
- ↑ a b c Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 206-209 (English).
- ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 416.
- ^ Lactarius obscuratus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius obscuratus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved on September 14, 2011. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
- ↑ Lactarius obscuratus (Lasch: Fr.) Fr. . In: mtsn.tn.it . Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 617-627 (Italian).
Web links
- Synonyms of Lactarius obscuratus. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- Lactarius obscuratus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).
- Lactarius obscuratus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, good photos of the olive-brown alder milkling).