Green alder

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Green alder
Fruit clusters of the green alder (Alnus alnobetula)

Fruit clusters of the green alder ( Alnus alnobetula )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Beech-like (Fagales)
Family : Birch family (Betulaceae)
Subfamily : Betuloideae
Genre : Alder ( Alnus )
Type : Green alder
Scientific name
Alnus alnobetula
( Ehrh. ) K. Koch

The green alder ( Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh) K.Koch. , Syn. : Alnus viridis ( Chaix ) . DC ), and Alpine alder or foliage flop called, is a plant species in the genus of alder ( Alnus ). It is the only shrub-like alder species in Europe.

description

Illustration from Atlas of the Alpine Flora , 1882
The fruits only hang when they ripen; young fruits still point upwards.

The green alder forms a deciduous shrub that reaches heights of 3 to 6 meters and can live up to 110 years. It has a smooth, gray bark that turns into a blackish bark as it ages . The bud is 1.2 to 1.5 centimeters long, not stalked (in contrast to black , gray and Italian alder ), purple-red, shiny and long-pointed. The leaves are oval and double serrated.

The flowering period extends from April to June. The flowers are unisexual. The male kittens are thick and about 5 to 12 inches long; the females stand upright in clusters of 5 to 8 and are reddish green and egg-shaped. The approximately 2 centimeters long and 1.5 centimeters wide fruit stands are green in summer, later pale red-brown and covered with 15 to 20 very small fruit scales; the fruit clusters hang until spring and are then almost black.

The green alder reproduces not only through seeds but also through root brood and subsidence from branches close to the ground.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.

Occurrence

The occurrences of the green alder are widely scattered from the valley location up to an altitude of 2800 meters in the mountains of Central and Southeastern Europe , the Carpathian Mountains and Corsica . In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of around 2050 meters.

On behalf of the German Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE) , the occurrence of ten rare native tree species in German forests was determined as part of the project recording and documenting genetic resources of rare tree species in Germany from 2010 to 2013 . In Germany, around 110,000 shrub individuals were extracted from the green alder in the Allgäu , Werdenfelser Land and Berchtesgaden Alps , especially at altitudes between 1500  m above sea level. NN and 2000  m above sea level NN recorded. In addition, there are 22 post-glacial relic occurrences of the green alder with a total of 1,000 specimens in the Black Forest .

The preferred location is moist slopes, brook and forest edges. The green alder is a character species of the Alnetum viridis from the Adenostylion association in the Alps , but occurs in lower areas in the pre-forest communities of the Epilobio-Salicetum capreae and in the light Ulmo-Aceretum .

  • Scots pine-like growth on the slope (Eastern Carpathians)

  • Forestry field with green alder primary forest (Montana)

  • The green alder as a typical brook companion (Ukraine)

  • Stock at the vegetation ceiling (Corsica)

  • Bushes of the pasture land (southern Poland)

ecology

The green alder is a pioneer species , which helps to secure landslides and endangered slopes. It is often the only tree species, especially on north-facing slopes that are prone to avalanches , as its flexible branches absorb the weight of the snow well . The green alder also grows quite well on bare ground , as it occurs after landslides , for example , because it can bind atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiosis with the Frankia radiation fungus .

Your name deciduous mountain pine has them in analogy with the mountain pine forms (mountain pine), which also extended fields on the mountain slopes and up to the tree line rises where it often forms the top floor. In contrast to the mountain pine, the green alder stands on more humid locations, in some areas mountain pine fields and alder bushes mix.

It has no direct forest meaning. However, it has a central function in the natural protection of slopes, torrents and avalanches at high altitudes, it stabilizes both the ground and the snow from slipping. As an amelioration plant, it also plays an important role in the regeneration through natural succession build-up, on slopes cleared by windthrow , as well as on alpine soils that have been drained and degraded by overgrazing . But since there are also areas in which no succession occurs, the green alder is likely to be permanent vegetation in some locations, for example in regular avalanche stretches in which in principle no high forest can occur (special forest locations), or if it displaces the other tree species in the long term (main forest locations the green alder).

Alnus alnobetula subsp. sinuata
Corsican dwarf alder ( Alnus alnobetula subsp. Suaveolens )

Systematics

The name Alnus alnobetula was published in 1873 by Karl Heinrich Emil Koch in Dendrologie , Volume 2, 1, p. 625. The name Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch , with the Basionym Betula alnobetula Ehrh published in 1783 by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in Gartenkalender , Volume 2, p. 193 . has priority over Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. , with the Basionym Betula viridis Chaix published in 1786 .

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Depending on the author, there are some subtaxas :

  • Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch subsp. alnobetula (Syn .: Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. subsp. viridis ): It occurs in Central Europe, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe.
  • Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch subsp. crispa (Aiton) Raus (Syn .: Alnus viridis . subsp crispa (Aiton) Turrill , Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh , Alnus crispa var. mollis (Fernald) Fernald ): It comes from the subarctic America south to the US state of North Carolina in front.
  • Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch subsp. fruticosa (Rupr.) Raus (Syn .: Alnus viridis subsp. fruticosa (Rupr.) Nyman , Alnus fruticosa Rupr. ): It occurs from northern Russia to Inner Mongolia and from Alaska to California.
  • Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch subsp. maximowiczii (Callier ex CKSchneid.) Chery (Syn .: Alnus viridis subsp. maximowiczii (Callier ex CKSchneid.) D.Löve ) (Syn .: Alnus maximowiczii Callier ex CKSchneid. ). This subspecies is considered by R. Govaerts as a separate species, Maximowicz's alder ( Alnus maximowiczii Callier ex CKSchneid. ).
  • Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch subsp. sinuata (rule) Raus (syn .: Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (rule) Á.Löve & D.Löve , Alnaster sinuatus (rule) Czerep. , Alnus crispa subsp. sinuata (rule) Hultén , Alnus sinuata (rule) Rydb. , Alnus sitchensis (rule) coffin. , Alnus viridis var. Sinuata rule ): It occurs from Russia's Far East to northern China, in Japan and from Alaska to California and the US state of Wyoming .
  • Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch subsp. suaveolens (Req.) Lambinon & Kerguelen (Syn .: Alnus viridis subsp. suaveolens (Req.) PWBall , Alnus suaveolens (Req.) Ball ): Corsican dwarf alder . It only occurs in Corsica.

Diseases

The green alder is sensitive to late frosts and drought stress, but otherwise extremely robust. It does not tolerate excessive browsing by game or grazing cattle in the long term.

A recently described disease is green alder dying or dying of green alder in the Alpine region. The leaves and rods turn brown, the shoots form reddish-brown, then gray bark necroses , usually limited to one side of the trunk. Tiny pustule-shaped mushroom fruit bodies often appear en masse, especially from Cryptodiaporthe oxystoma (family Valsaceae ) and Melanconis alni (family Melanconidaceae ). If the infestation is lower, the plant will emerge well in the course of the year or in the following year, but it will die when the necrosis reaches the rhizome, which then disintegrates porocell-like in the next year due to white rot . The disease affects entire stocks and occurs in the higher areas. It is not clear whether the fungi are the cause or whether they are weak parasites. Because the green alder needs a lot of water when it shoots, it is assumed that the outbreak is due to a lack of water in the spring, especially after winters with little snow and poor moisture penetration, perhaps also in connection with sunburn when there is insufficient snow cover in the bare state, or insufficient winter freezing through Soil. Summer heat also plays a role. The disease was first described in central Switzerland in 1989/90, then in 1997/98 in the Swiss Gotthard region and in the Upper Engadine, in 2001 in two regions of Austria, and in 2005 in the Italian Alps. The connection with summer drought is reported from the hot years 2003 and 2015 . The disease appears to be becoming more common, it could be a consequence of global warming , the findings coincide with the very warm winters of the last decade and a half.

The Phytophthora root neck rot of alder , which is spreading rapidly in Europe, has also been shown to be pathogenic for green alder in experiments, but does not yet play a role in the field.

Common names

Further names for the green alder, some of which are only used regionally, are or were: Alpenerle ( Switzerland ), Bergdrossel (Switzerland), Bergerle ( Graubünden ), Droosle ( Bernese Oberland ), Dros ( Glarus ), Drossel (Graubünden, Glarus), Drüesa ( Allgäu ), Laublöke ( Gasteinertal ), Luterstaude ( Tyrol near Brixen ), Luttastauden ( Carinthia in Katschtal ), Mauserle ( Austria ), Trosle (Graubünden), Tross (Graubünden, St. Gallen , Bern ) and Trossstuda (Graubünden near Davos ).

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition, Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 314-315.
  2. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 422.
  3. ↑ "Recording and Documenting Genetic Resources of Rare and Endangered Tree Species in Germany", Part 4: Gray Alder (Alnus incana), Green Alder (Alnus viridis) and Black Cherry (Prunus padus) of the Federal Agency for Food and Agriculture (BLE) on ble.de. on June 28, 2019.
  4. ^ Lit. Huber, Frehner: Forschungsprojekt Grünerle. 2.6 Does the green alder prevent the emergence of forests? P. 26 ff.
  5. ^ Alnus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  6. ^ Alnus viridis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 8, 2017.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Alnus - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on January 10, 2017.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Lit. Huber, Frehner: Forschungsprojekt Grünerle. 2.5 Hazards / damage p. 24 f.
  9. ↑ a b Johannes Gepp: Green alder die. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Naturschutzbund Steiermark, August 15, 2012 ( pdf ( memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Naturschutzbundsteiermark .at, accessed August 27, 2015.)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.naturschutzbundsteiermark.at @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.naturschutzbundsteiermark.at
  10. ↑ Steyrer, G .; Cech, TL; Fürst, A .; Krehan, H .; Krenmayer, W .; Kristoeffel, F .; Perny, B .; Schaffer, H .; Stagl, WG Tomiczek, C., 2001. Forest protection situation 2001 in Austria - surveys and diagnoses of the BFW and documentation of forest damage factors 2001. Forstschutz Aktuell 28: page 8f. pdf
  11. ↑ cf. More and more damage to green alder. Salzburg.ORF.at, August 25, 2015.
  12. ^ Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants , published by Philipp Cohen Hannover 1882, page 22

Web links

Commons : Green Alder ( Alnus alnobetula )  - Collection of images