Brown-red milkling

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Brown-red milkling
2008-07-21 Lactarius badiosanguineus Kühner & Romagn 41546 comb.jpg

Brown-red milkling ( Lactarius badiosanguineus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Brown-red milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius badiosanguineus
Kühner & Romagn.

The brown-red milkling or orange-leaved milkling ( Lactarius badiosanguineus ) is a species of fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized milkling with a dark red to wine brown, shiny hat and ocher to cinnamon brown fins. Its watery-white, mild-tasting milk only turns yellow. The Milchling grows under conifers, mostly spruce, on more or less moist and lime-rich soils, almost exclusively in mountainous areas. The fruiting bodies appear from August to October.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 2.5–9 cm wide, arched flat when young and later spread out and depressed in the middle. Usually it has a more or less pronounced hump. The surface is smooth or uneven to bumpy and partially wrinkled and veined in the middle. Young fruiting bodies have a nice dark red-brown to purple-brown hat, which later fades a little and is then often only cloudy orange-brown in color when dry. The skin of the hat is matt when dry and feels slightly waxy, when it is damp it becomes slightly greasy and shiny. The edge is smooth and sharp when young and grooved with age, but not or hardly lighter than the center.

The occasionally forked lamellae are cream-colored when young and increasingly turning reddish-ocher. They are broadly attached to the stem or run down easily. Their edges are smooth and the spore powder is cream-colored.

The young, full, but soon hollow stalk is 3–9 cm long and 0.5–1.4 cm wide. The surface is smooth when young and finely white frosted on a reddish-ocher-colored background. Later on, the stalk becomes increasingly bald and is then slightly wrinkled in places and straight and, like the hat, a deep brown-red color.

The white milk, which is mild at first, then bitterly tasting, is more or less unchangeable. Only after 2-3 hours can a faint yellow coloration be seen on a white paper handkerchief. The whitish to reddish cream-colored meat tastes mild at first and after a while bitter, but never spicy. Whitish spots can turn yellow after a while. The Milchling has a weak, slightly fruity odor that is reminiscent of the oak Milchling .

Microscopic features

The rounded to slightly elliptical spores are on average 7.6–8.1 µm long and 6.3–6.5 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament consists of 0.6–1.2 µm high, burr-like elongated warts as well as ribs arranged like stripes, which are more or less strongly connected like a network. Isolated warts are usually numerous. The hilly spot is usually inamyloid .

The four-pore basidia are club-shaped to bulbous and measure 35–55 × 9–13 µm. Pleuromacrocystids occur sporadically to quite numerous. They are (35–) 40–80 (–90) µm long and 6–10 µm wide, more or less cylindrical to narrowly spindle-shaped and blunt to pointed at the top. The lamellar edges are more or less sterile and mostly covered with numerous, awl-shaped to spindle-shaped cheilomacrocystids . These are quite pointed at the top or have a small, attached point (mucronat).

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is an (ixo-) oedotrichoderm and consists of irregularly intertwined hyphae , whose cylindrical to weakly clubbed end cells rise. Some of them are slightly encrusted and gelatinized and measure (10–) 15–60 µm × 3–6 µm. The Q value is 5.6-8.0. Individual lactifera are scattered between the hyphae . The hyphae in the subpellis are 8–12 (–15) ​​µm wide and more or less rounded to isodiametric or inflated.

Species delimitation

The brown-red Milchling can be confused with a number of brown-capped milklings. The peat moss milkling ( L. sphagneti ) and the liver-brown milkling ( L. hepaticus ) are particularly similar . The peat moss milkling can be recognized macroscopically by its always somehow two-tone hat. This has a dark center and a much lighter, more or less grooved edge zone. In addition, its lamellae are very pale. It grows in very moist to wet locations in peat moss cushions under spruce trees. It can be recognized microscopically by the very amyloid, reticulate spore ornamentation and the long hat skin hyphae end cells. The liver-brown milkling ( L. hepaticus ) grows in rather dry locations under pine trees. He has a dull brown hat color and also clearly reticulated spores. In his case, the hyphal end cells in the cap skin are somewhat shorter.

ecology

The Braunrote Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that is more or less strictly bound to spruce trees . In individual cases, however, he may also be able to enter into a symbiotic partnership with Swiss stone pine and larch and, according to Heilmann-Clausen, with fir trees . The Milchling is found in herb-rich spruce-beech and fir-spruce forests as well as in spruce forests on more or less lime-rich and nutrient- and nitrogen-poor soils. But there also seem to be breeds that prefer low-base and lime-free, strongly acidic topsoils and grow in thick peat moss cushions. In Germany, the Braunrote Milchling occurs almost exclusively in mountainous regions and in sub-alpine areas. Its fruiting bodies appear between August and October.

distribution

Distribution of the brown-red milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The Braunrote Milchling is a relatively rare European species that is mainly found in the Fennoscandinavian mountains and in the Alps. In Bulgaria it occurs in the Central Balkan Mountains . In Germany, too, the Milchling is found almost exclusively in the mountainous region. There are slightly larger occurrences in the Black Forest, in the Alpine foothills and in the Alps, so that the distribution area is almost exclusively limited to Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. But the milkling has also been found in the Harz Mountains, and there is also an endangered occurrence in the eastern hill country of Schleswig-Holstein. The Braunrote Milchling can possibly also be found in the Bavarian and Thuringian Forests. The Milchling is widespread and not uncommon in Switzerland.

Systematics

Lactarius badiosanguineus was first described as an independent species by Kühner and Romagnesi in 1954 . Taxonomic synonyms are the variety Lactarius subdulcis var. Cinnamomeus described by Gillet in 1876 and the variety L. subdulcis var. Concavus described by Lindblad in 1855 . The species attribute ( epithet ) " badiosanguineus " is made up of the Latin adjectives " badius " (maroon) and " sanguineus " (blood-red) and can be translated as "red-brown".

Inquiry system

The Braunrote Milchling is placed in the Tabidi section by M. Bon . The representatives of the section have a smooth, more or less brownish hat and milk that turns yellow in the air. At M. Basso it is in the Russulares subsection , which in turn is in the Russulares section of the same name . In Heilmann-Clausen it is classified in the Russulares section , which is not further subdivided here.

meaning

According to M. Basso, the Braunrote Milchling is inedible.

pharmacology

In laboratory experiments, an extract of the brown-red milkling shows an inhibitory effect on thrombin .

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lactarius badiosanguineus. Kühner & Romagn. 1954. In: Index Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved March 8, 2012 .
  2. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 92 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 48.
  4. ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 184-185 (English).
  5. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 406.
  6. ↑ a b c Lactarius badiosanguineus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 12, 2011 .
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius badiosanguineus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014 ; Retrieved September 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-273 (English).
  9. ↑ a b Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger ba sidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  10. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved March 8, 2012 .
  11. ↑ Matthias Lüderitz: The large mushrooms Schleswig-Holstein - Red List. (PDF [880 kB]) Volume 3: Non-leaf mushrooms (Aphyllophorales) Deaf and milkling (Russulales) . In: Umweltdaten.landsh.de. State Office for Nature and the Environment of Schleswig-Holstein, 2001, accessed on March 8, 2012 .
  12. ^ A b c Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 495-499 (Italian).
  13. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary. In: zeno.org. 1913, Retrieved March 8, 2012 .
  14. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary. In: zeno.org. 1913, Retrieved March 8, 2012 .
  15. ↑ B. Doljak, M. Stegnar, U. Urleb, S. Kreft, A. Umek, M. Ciglaric, B. Strukelj, T. Popovic: screening for selective thrombin inhibitors in mushrooms. In: Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis: an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis. Volume 12, Number 2, March 2001, pp. 123-128, PMID 11302474 .

Web links

Commons : Braunroter Milchling ( Lactarius badiosanguineus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius badiosanguineus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).
  • Lactarius badiosanguineus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Braunroten Milchling).