Liver-brown milkling

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Liver-brown milkling
Lactarius hepaticus 031123w.jpg

Liver-brown milkling ( Lactarius hepaticus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Liver-brown milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius hepaticus
Plowr.

The liver Brown Milchling or Late Milchling ( Lactarius hepaticus ) is a fungal art from the family of Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized milkling whose milk turns yellow. He has a liver to orange-brown hat and cream-ocher-colored slats. The milkling, which is scattered to fairly common in Western and Central Europe, occurs in coniferous forests and usually grows near pines. The fruiting bodies often appear late in the year. The Milchling is not an edible mushroom.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 3–6 cm wide, initially flat arched, later spread out and more or less depressed in the middle. The Milchling often has a small hump. The surface of the hat is smooth, hygrophan and, when wet, shiny and greasy and rich red to chestnut brown, but mostly dull liver-brown, typical of the species. Occasionally the brown can have an olive shade. When it is dry, the hat can fade a lot and is then colored light ocher brown. The edge is smooth to weakly grooved or furrowed.

The lamellae, which are not or only slightly bifurcated, are creamy-white when young, then ocher and more or less rust-brown with age. They are grown broad or run down a little bit. The edges are smooth and the spore powder is cream colored.

The cylindrical and usually full stem is 3–7 cm long and 0.5–1 cm wide. The surface is smooth, in places also weakly veined and colored similar to the hat, but the base is often darker and becomes lighter towards the tip. With young fruiting bodies, the stem is frosted along its entire length.

The milk is white and turns sulfur yellow within 1–2 minutes on a tissue. It tastes bitter and hot. The pale creamy to light ocher-colored meat also tastes hot and can turn sulfur yellow in places when cut. The smell is weak and uncharacteristic.

Microscopic features

The rounded to elliptical spores are on average 7.8–8.4 µm long and 6.4–6.9 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament is 0.5–1 µm high and consists of a few warts and short, burr-like ribs, which are almost completely network-like connected by finer lines. The hillock is more or less inamyloid . The mostly four-pore basidia are club-shaped to bulbous and measure 35–50 × 9–12 µm.

The more or less cylindrical to narrowly spindle-shaped pleuromacrocystids are fairly common to numerous and measure 40–80 (–95) × 5–10 µm. Their upper end is usually pointed. The lamellar cutting edges are more or less sterile and covered with numerous, more or less cylindrical or spindle-shaped to awl-shaped cheilomacrocystids that are 20–50 µm long and 4–6.5 µm wide. Its end is pointed or mucronat, that is, it has a short, attached point.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is an Oedotrichoderm or Trichoderm , which consists of irregularly intertwined, 3-11 µm wide hyphae . The hyphal end cells are more or less cylindrical and 10–45 µm long and 3.5–6.5 µm wide. The hyphae in the subcutis are 8–12 µm wide and inflated.

Species delimitation

The species is very similar in some respects to the Brown-Red Milkling ( L. badiosanguineus ) or the Peat Moss Milkling ( L. sphagneti ), but both occur in completely different locations. In contrast to these milklings, the leather-brown milkling has rather dull hat colors and its initially white milk also turns yellow. Under the microscope, the species can be recognized by the shorter hyphal end cells and the clearly reticulated and non-burr, zebra-stripe spores that are typical of the brown-red milkling. The peat moss milkling is distinguished by the noticeably lighter, yellowish edge of the hat and the gelatinized hat skin.

ecology

The liver-brown milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that mainly enters into a symbiosis with pine trees . Occasionally spruce and possibly Douglas fir can also serve as hosts. The Milchling occurs primarily in various pine forest communities and pine forests, but also grows in oak forests under scattered pines and in parks. It is mainly found on soils that are poor in bases and nutrients, acidic, rich in raw humus or covered by thick layers of needles. These are mostly more or less remote from the groundwater and sandy to loamy. The fruiting bodies appear mostly gregarious and quite late in the year between late September and early November.

distribution

Distribution of the long-stemmed pepper milkling in Europe. Countries in which the liver-brown milkling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The liver-brown milkling is widespread in North Asia (East Siberia), North America (USA), North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. It is a temperate to sub-oceanic species. The Milchling is therefore very common in Western Europe, especially in France and the Benelux countries. In Great Britain it is more common in the south and becomes rarer north to the Hebrides . In Central Europe and the Baltic States, the Milchling is widespread and absent in almost all of Northern Europe. It is rarely found in southern Sweden and Norway, but is completely absent in Finland.

In Germany the Milchling is widespread, but can be quite common locally. Although it occurs in all federal states, it is much rarer in the south and east. In Saxony it is considered endangered in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania it is even threatened with extinction. In Bavaria, the Milchling is on the warning list. The Milchling is also common in Switzerland, but not often.

Systematics

The liver brown milkling was first described as L. hepatikus by Plowright in 1905 . The species attribute ( epithet ) " hepaticus " means liver-colored and refers to the hat color.

Inquiry systematics

Bon puts the Milchling in his tabidi section . The representatives of the section have smooth hats and milk that turns yellow in the air. M. Basso places him in the Lacunari subsection , which in turn is in the Russulares section, in Heilmann-Clausen et al. it is directly in the section Russulares .

meaning

The bitter and pungent tasting liver-brown milk lobster is not edible.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Synonyms of Lactarius hepaticus. Plowright, 1905, Icon. Mycol. 4:28. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed March 6, 2012 .
  2. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 92 .
  3. ↑ Roger Phillips: Lactarius hepaticus. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on December 4, 2015 ; accessed on June 20, 2011 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
  4. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Lucerne 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , pp. 68-69.
  5. ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 188-189 (English).
  6. ^ A b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 412.
  7. ↑ Lactarius hepaticus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  8. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius hepaticus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 14, 2011.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  9. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  10. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  11. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0088/0289.htm cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  12. ↑ Grid map of Lactarius hepaticus. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on March 7, 2012 (English).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / data.nbn.org.uk  
  13. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved March 7, 2012 .
  14. ↑ H.-J. Hardtke & P. ​​Otto: Red List of Mushrooms Free State of Saxony. (No longer available online.) In: smul.sachsen.de. Saxon State Office for Environment and Geology, 1999, formerly in the original ; Retrieved March 7, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.smul.sachsen.de  
  15. ↑ Jürgen Schwik et al .: RED LIST of the endangered large mushrooms in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. 2nd version. In: uni-reifswald.de. The Ministry of the Environment of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 1999, archived from the original on October 18, 2004 ; Retrieved March 7, 2012 .
  16. ↑ Peter Karasch and Dr. Christoph Hahn: Red list of endangered large mushrooms in Bavaria. (PDF [4.5 MB]) In: lfu.bayern.de. Bavarian State Office for the Environment, 2009, accessed on March 7, 2012 .
  17. ^ Ernst Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . In: zeno.org . 1913. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  18. ^ Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 517-17, 524-28 (Italian).

Web links

Commons : Leberbrauner Milchling ( Lactarius hepaticus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files