Oak milkling

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Oak milkling
Lactarius quietus 2010 G1 crop.jpg

Oak milkling ( Lactarius quietus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Oak milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius quietus
Fr. Fr.

The oak milkling or red-brown oak milkling ( Lactarius quietus ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . It is a medium-sized, common milkling, with pale creamy-yellow, mild to bitter milk that smells noticeably of leaf bugs. The hat is brownish to reddish brown in color and sometimes indistinctly zoned. The fungus is a strict companion to oak.

features

Macroscopic features

The oak milkling has heavily mixed-in lamellas and a creamy yellow milk.

The hat is 3–10 cm wide, quite fleshy and domed for a long time. Later it is spread out and depressed in the middle and finally deepened in a flat, funnel-shaped manner. A hump is rarely formed. The hat skin is a bit greasy and sticky when young, dry, matt and dull, shiny, sometimes it is also pale zoned. The hat is cloudy red-brown in color and zoned by concentrically arranged darker spots. The edge initially curved and later clearly curved down.

The lamellas have just grown on the stem or run down a little. They are mixed in with shorter intermediate lamellas. They are initially whitish to cream-colored and pale reddish-brown with age. The lamellar edges are spotted rusty brown in places.

The stem is 3–6 cm long and up to 1 cm thick. Young it is firm and full, but later it often becomes hollow. It is often furrowed longitudinally or somewhat pitted and the hat is dyed in about the same color, often darker wine-brown towards the base.

The meat is thick and firm and whitish in the hat, and the handle is also colored wine-brown. The smell is unpleasant, the fruit bodies smell of leaf bugs or damp linen cloth. In the beginning, the milk flows freely in the event of an injury. It immediately turns creamy-yellow when exposed to air, much like fresh cream. It tastes mild, with a bitter aftertaste. The meat itself has a slightly pungent taste.

The spore powder is pale yellow. The broadly elliptical spores are 8–10 µm long and 6.5–8 µm wide with warty-reticulate to ridged-reticulated ornamentation.

Microscopic features

The 6.1–8.8 µm long and 5.8–7.2 µm wide spores are broadly elliptical to rounded. The Q – value (spore length / spore width) is 1.0 to 1.3. The spore ornament, which is up to 1 µm high, consists of several warts and ribs, which are knotty and thickened and almost completely networked. The basidia are club-shaped to bulbous and 35–40 µm long and 10–12 µm wide. They each wear four sterigms .

The few numerous Cheilomakrozystiden are club-shaped to spindle-shaped or awl-shaped. They are 30–55 µm long and 5.5–7 µm wide and often have a pointed tip. The 30–75 µm long and 4–9 µm wide, sparse pleuromacrocystidia are also spindle-shaped to awl-shaped.

The cap skin consists of irregularly intertwined 3–10 µm wide hyphae, which in the lower part are divided into many short-cell sections. The cap skin is a trichoderm from which the mostly bent hyphae ends protrude more or less.

Species delimitation

If you pay attention to the smell, the location, the hat color and the color of the milk, the mushroom can hardly be confused with another milkling. It always occurs under oaks and has a whitish milk that has a slightly yellowish hue about the same as fresh cream. The smell is also very typical, which stands out especially with old or drying fruit bodies and is reminiscent of the smell of leaf bugs.

The rare Watery Milkling has a very similar odor and can be found in comparable locations. But he has an ocher to red-brown and always unzoned hat and is slender. microscopically, it differs through differently shaped cystids and the structure of its cap skin. Other milklings tied to oak are the gold-liquid milkling with yellow-discoloring flesh, the smoke-colored milkling with red-discoloring meat and the cross- veined milkling with a slimy, pink-ocher zoned hat.

ecology

The oak milkling is a strict mycorrhizal fungus of the oak , whereby it prefers the pedunculate oak as host. It is therefore found in all forms of the native oak and mixed oak forests and there especially in older stands. But you can also find it under interspersed oaks in all forests dominated by beech and fir and not too wet alluvial forests . The fungus is also found in forest edge and hedge communities, in red oak, poplar and other forest plantations and in parks.

The fungus makes no special demands on the soil. It occurs both on acidic, neutral and alkaline soils, which can be lime or base poor or rich or weak to moderately rich in nutrients. The soil can be moderately dry to moist and shallow, medium and deep. It occurs on basalt, loess, limestone, sand, silicate rock soils or on brown earth over various parent rock.

The fruiting bodies appear from July to November, the main season is from late August to late October. The Milchling occurs in flat, hilly and lower mountain regions and only rarely rises higher.

distribution

Distribution of the oak milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside of Europe are shown in gray.

The oak milkling is a Holarctic species that occurs in North Asia (Japan, Korea), North Africa (Morocco), North America (USA) and Europe. It is widespread and common in Europe.

The oak milkling is a common and widespread fungus throughout Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Systematics

Inquiry systematics

The oak milkling is placed in the subdulces section. The representatives of the section have a blunt, smooth, hat surface. The hat is cloudy reddish brown to pale brown in color. The milk won't discolour even on a white cloth.

meaning

The oak milkling plays an important role in the mycorrhization of oak. Conversely, the fungus is dependent on the symbiosis with oak for fruiting body formation.

The Milchling is considered inedible if it could certainly be eaten even after appropriate pre-treatment such as soaking and scalding. The unappealing taste is not worth the effort.

Remarks

  1. ↑ In the mycological literature, the term leaf bugs does not refer to a taxon , but is a non-specific term for various leaf-sucking bugs from very different families. Many of these bedbugs have stink glands to deter their enemies, which give off that characteristic bug odor. Typical plant bugs, for example the Bunte leaf bug ( Elasmostethus interstinctus ) from the family of acanthosomatidae and the green shield bug ( Palomena prasina ) from the family of the stink bugs . But bed bugs from other genera or families are also known as leaf bugs.

literature

  1. ^ Synonyms of Lactarius quietus. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
  2. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 90 .
  3. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 198 .
  4. ^ Roger Phillips: Lactarius quietus. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on June 20, 2011 (English).
  5. ↑ a b Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 94.
  6. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 418.
  7. ↑ a b Lactarius pyrogalus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius quietus. In: data.gbif.org. GBIF Portal, accessed September 14, 2011 .
  9. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Vol. 2). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-273 (English).
  10. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the macromycetes of Central Balkan Mountain (Bulgaria) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 (English, mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  11. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 (English, org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]).
  12. ^ TV Andrianova and others: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk. 2006, accessed January 16, 2012 .
  13. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved September 20, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
  14. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed September 20, 2011 .
  15. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: brd.pilzkartierung.de. Fungal Mapping 2000 Online, accessed September 20, 2011 .
  16. ↑ Johannes CG Ottow: Microbiology of Soils: Biodiversity, Ecophysiology and Metagenomics. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-00823-8 .

Web links

Commons : Eichen-Milchling ( Lactarius quietus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files