Barren milkling

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Barren milkling
Lactarius acerrimus 73824.jpg

Cross-veined milkling ( Lactarius acerrimus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Barren milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius acerrimus
Britzelm.

The Queraderige Milchling ( Lactarius acerrimus ) is a fungal art from the family of Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized to fairly large milkling that has a firm and sharp-tasting fruit body . The vaguely zoned, yellowish-brown hat is often irregularly bent and the lamellae are strongly connected across veins near the stem. It also has two-pore basidia , a unique feature among the European dairy babies. The relatively rare and inedible milkling occurs under oak on calcareous soils, the fruiting bodies appear between June and October.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 5–12 (–15) ​​cm wide, arched when young, later spread out more or less flat and bifurcated in the middle. In old age it is sometimes deepened in the shape of a funnel. When young, the surface is velvety, matt and later increasingly bald. The creamy yellow to ocher colored hat is very greasy when wet. The often slightly lighter edge zone is sometimes indistinctly zoned ocher pink. The edge is bent smooth to irregularly wavy and remains curved for a long time.

The lamellae are cream-colored when young, later light ocher and have a distinct pink sheen. They are sometimes forked, grown broad on the stem or run down something. In the vicinity of the stem they are wavy and curled and connected with strong cross veins. The blade edges are smooth and the spore powder is ocher yellow with a pink sheen.

The short, stocky stem is 2–5 cm long and 0.8–2 cm thick. It is cylindrical and slightly tapered towards the base, fairly firm, full when young, and later often hollow. The surface is whitish and frosted when young and then becomes bare. The stem is ocher-colored or sometimes also brownish and sometimes has more or less pitted spots.

The hot-tasting meat is white and does not change color when cut. It has a pleasant, fruity odor. The white milk is invariable and tastes very hot.

Microscopic features

The rounded to elliptical spores are on average 11.0–11.5 µm long and 9.0–9.5 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1-1.4. The spore ornament is up to 1.2 µm high and consists of numerous, irregular warts and short, burred ribs, which are largely connected to one another, but do not form a real network. The hilly spot is sometimes weakly amyloid .

The consistently two-pored basidia are more or less cylindrical or slightly clubbed to bulbous and measure 45–60 × 10–13 µm. The narrow, spindle-shaped, tapered to the tip, often constricted and sometimes branched like a string of pearls, are very numerous and measure 35–53 × 3–7 µm. The lamellar sheaths are sterile and carry numerous 10–20 (−25) µm long and 4–6 µm wide, cylindrical to almost clubbed and often slightly twisted paracystidia . Cheilomakrocystiden occur only occasionally. They are cylindrical, spindle-shaped or awl-shaped and about 25–45 µm long and 5–7 µm wide.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is an ixocutis , which consists of irregularly intertwined and in places also lying parallel, 1-5 µm wide, gelatinized hyphae or hyphae fragments.

Species delimitation

Although the determination of dairy babies of the Zonarii section is often quite difficult, the cross-veined dairy baby can be identified easily and reliably under the microscope. It is the only Milchling that has strictly two-pored basidia. It also has the largest spores within the genus. But the species can also be determined with certainty on a purely macroscopic level. It is a fairly large milkling with a brownish-yellow, irregularly bent hat, and its lamellae near the handle are strongly connected across veins. Two similar milklings that also grow under oaks are the golden-liquid milkling ( L. chrysorrheus ) and the beautiful zone-milkling ( L. zonarius ). The former has a milk that turns golden yellow and the latter has a clearly zoned hat. Other similar milklings are the Montane zone milkling ( L. zonarioides ) and the Lärchen-Reizker ( L. porninsis ), both of which grow in conifers.

ecology

The Milchling, like all Milchlinge, is a mycorrhizal fungus that, at least in Germany, is strictly bound to oak . The slightly warmth-loving species can therefore be found in neutral to lime-rich beech and hornbeam-oak forests and under oaks also on forest meadows and clearings, on the edges of forests and paths and on the edge of hedges and semi-arid grasslands. The Milchling is also found in oak groves and parks.

It likes fresh to moderately dry and well-alkaline soils. These should be relatively low in nutrients. It can be found on loess , gauze and mustard rendzines , lime brown soils , as well as on parabrown and alluvial soils over lime, basal, marl, gravel and sand. The fruiting bodies appear from June to October from the lowlands to the mountains and often grow in moist grass.

distribution

Distribution of the cross-veined Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The cross-veined milkling is a predominantly European species, but there are also records from North America (USA, Mexico) and North Africa (Morocco). In Europe, the Milchling is widespread. In the west it occurs in France, Great Britain and the Benelux countries. It was also found on the Irish island. In Central Europe it is widespread but very scattered, while it is rare to very rare in Northern Europe and is on most of the Red Lists there. The Milchling was also found in Russia and the Baltic States.

The Milchling is widely distributed in Germany in the southern and central federal states, but seems to be very rare or completely absent in the north. In Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, it is threatened with extinction and in Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate, the Milchling is endangered. The species is also endangered in Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg, but at least somewhat more common. Because the species, as a strict companion to oaks, has a preference for calcareous and nutrient-poor soils, the species is severely restricted in its range of distribution. The Milchling is generally very scattered to rare in Germany. Even so, it is still the most common species of the Zonarius group in Central Europe. In Germany, the stock is not yet acutely endangered, but has been declining for years, so that the Milchling is classified as endangered on the Red List (RL 3).

Systematics

The species was first described by Britzelmayr in 1893, who found the Milchling in southern Bavaria. In 1898 Kuntze put the taxon as Lactifluus acerrimus in the genus Lactifluus ( Pers. ) Roussel . In addition, there are some taxonomic synonyms. Many authors, including Ricken (1915), Rea (1922), Long (1940), Konrad & Maublanc (1952) Kühner & Romagnesi (1953), the species under the name Lactarius insulsus Fr. described. However, it is very unlikely that the taxon L. insulsus described by Fries relates to this species. The form L. zonarius var. Insulsus described by Bataille in 1908 is also synonymous.

The Latin species attribute ( epithet ) acerrimus (superlative of acer ) is an allusion to the hot milk and can be translated as "very hot".

Inquiry systematics

The cross-veined Milchling is placed in the Zonarii section by M. Bon . The representatives of this section have greasy and somewhat sticky hats that are more or less clearly zoned. The hat is colored yellow, yellow-ocher or yellow-brown. The milk is white and unchangeable, the meat tastes hot or bitter. Also in M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen the species is within the subgenus Piperites in the section and subsection Zonarii .

meaning

As the scientific name (acerrimus = very spicy) suggests, the spicy-tasting Milchling is inedible.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lactarius acerrimus. Botanisches Centralblatt 54 (4): 98 (1893). In: Index Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved February 27, 2012 .
  2. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 82 .
  3. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 42.
  4. ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 124 (English).
  5. ^ A b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 385.
  6. ↑ a b Lactarius acerrimus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius acerrimus . In: data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-273 (English).
  9. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( online (PDF; 592 kB)).
  10. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0088/0289.htm cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  11. ↑ Matthias Lüderitz: The large mushrooms Schleswig-Holstein - Red List. (PDF [880 kB]) Volume 3 Non-leaf mushrooms (Aphyllophorales) Deaf and milk lice (Russulales). In: Umweltdaten.landsh.de. State Office for Nature and the Environment of Schleswig-Holstein, 2001, accessed on February 26, 2012 .
  12. ↑ Jürgen Schwik among others: RED LIST of the endangered large mushrooms Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. 2nd version. In: uni-reifswald.de. The Ministry of the Environment of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 1999, archived from the original on October 18, 2004 ; Retrieved February 26, 2012 .
  13. ↑ Johannes A. Schmitt: Red list of the mushrooms of the Saarland. (PDF [160 kB]) Retrieved on February 26, 2012 .
  14. ↑ Ludwig Simon among others: Red List of Rhineland-Palatinate. (PDF [50 kB]) (No longer available online.) In: luwg.rlp.de. State Office for the Environment, Water Management and Trade Inspection Rhineland-Palatinate, 2006, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved February 26, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.luwg.rlp.de
  15. ↑ Peter Karasch, Christoph Hahn: Red List of Endangered Large Mushrooms in Bavaria. (PDF [4.5 MB]) In: lfu.bayern.de. Bavarian State Office for the Environment, 2009, accessed on February 26, 2012 .
  16. ↑ Ludwig Simon among others: Red list and species directory of the Sprödblättler - Russulales - in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF [50 kB]) (No longer available online.) In: lanuv.nrw.de. Ministry of Environment and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, 2009, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved February 26, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  17. ^ A b c Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 330-336 (Italian).
  18. ^ Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary. In: zeno.org. Retrieved February 27, 2012 .

Web links

Commons : Queraderiger Milchling ( Lactarius acerrimus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files