Gold liquid milkling

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Gold liquid milkling
2004-09-30 Lactarius chrysorrheus 14203.jpg

Gold liquid milkling ( Lactarius chrysorrheus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Gold liquid milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius chrysorrheus
Frieze

The golden liquid milkling ( Lactarius chrysorrheus ) is a type of fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized milk ling whose milk turns yellow instantly. The dry and zoned hat is colored ocher yellow to salmon-colored. As a typical oak companion, it is one of the most common milklings in warm oak forests. The fruiting bodies appear between August and October. The mushroom is inedible because of its bitter taste. The species attribute ( epithet ) chrysorrheus is derived from the ancient Greek roots chryso - 'golden' and rheos 'river'.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 5–10 cm wide and colored yellow, pink or orange, with darker, concentric zones. It is initially convex, but then becomes flatter and ultimately slightly depressed. It is often wavy at the edge and has a smooth surface.

The stem is whitish or slightly paler in color than the hat. It is hollow and cylindrical. The lamellae are curved and of the same color as the stalk, but turn yellow when injured. At first they are very dense and give a creamy white spore print .

The meat is white and tastes mild at first, but later slightly spicy. The milk is initially white, but quickly turns sulfur yellow in the air.

Microscopic features

The spores are round to broadly elliptical and on average 6.4–8.0 µm long and 5.7–6.3 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament consists of 0.4–0.9 µm high, fine warts and short, burr-like ribs, which are almost completely connected in a network. However, there are numerous isolated warts. The hillock is more or less inamyloid . The rather clubbed basidia measure 30–50 × 8.5–11 µm and each carry four sterigms .

The lamellar edges are heterogeneous: In addition to the basidia, there are also numerous cheilomacrocystids . These are 45–65 µm long and 5–9 µm wide and spindle-shaped to awl-shaped. The numerous pleuromacrocystids are also more or less spindle-shaped to slightly club-shaped and measure 45–90 × 7–12 µm.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a loose and hardly differentiated, 145–175 µm thick cutis consisting of irregularly interwoven 2.5–6 µm wide hyphae . Many hyphae ends are ascending and clearly protrude from the hyphae. The hyphae in the subpellis are 5–7.5 µm wide, slightly inflated and more or less intertwined.

Species delimitation

The rapidly changing color of the milk of the golden milkling is a feature that can be used to easily distinguish it from other similar looking milklings. The zoning indicated is also typical. In addition to the golden liquid milkling, there are other types with yellow discolouring milk. This includes the inedible hot sulfur milkling ( L. decipiens ) , which is also often found under oaks . His flesh-brown to orange-flesh-colored hat is always unzoned and the milk changes color more slowly.

The mild to bitter tasting Flatter-Reizker ( L. tabidus ) is a representative of acidic wetlands and grows under birch and alder. His milk also turns a little yellow. The larch milkling ( L. pominsis ), which is more common in the Alps, is quite similar to the golden milkling, but its milk remains white.

ecology

Like all Milchlinge , the gold-liquid Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus , which in Northern and Central Europe enters into a symbiotic partnership with oaks . In southern Europe it also grows under chestnuts . The fungus can be found in oak-hornbeam and warmth-loving oak forests as well as in beech and mixed beech forests, especially in hornbeam -beech forests . But it was also found in other forest communities. The Milchling likes acidic, fresh soils and is very rare or absent in limestone areas. Otherwise it does not make any special demands on the floor. It grows on basalt, loess, sand, loam or clay soils as well as on tendrils , brown earth or silicate sands. The golden liquid milkling is quite common in some areas, but never occurs in large quantities. The fruiting bodies appear from late July to October.

distribution

Distribution of the golden liquid milkling in Europe. States in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. States without sources and states outside Europe are shown in gray.

The golden liquid milkling was found in North Asia (East Siberia, Korea, Japan), North America (USA, Canada, Mexico), North Africa (Morocco) and in Europe. In Europe it is widespread throughout the oak and chestnut area. Occasionally it can also be found outside of this area under planted oaks and sweet chestnuts (e.g. in the Hebrides). In Estonia it is only found on the Baltic island of Saaremaa . The golden liquid milkling is scattered or rare in Germany and Switzerland. In Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia it is classified as endangered (RL3) on the red list .

Systematics

The fungus was first described by Elias Magnus Fries , the founder of modern mycology , in 1838 . Synonyms are those of L. Quelet variety described in 1886 Lactarius theiogalus var. Chrysorrheus and Galorrheus chrysorrheus and Lactifluus chrysorrheus after Paul Kummer 1871, the kind in the genre Galorrheus and C. Kuntze them into the genus 1891 Lactifluus has provided. Other taxonomic synonyms are Lactarius brevis Peck (1905) and Lactarius theiogalus ( Bull. ) Gray (1821).

Heilmann-Clausen and M. Basso put the Milchling as the only European species in the Croceini subsection . The subsection is in turn in the Zonarii section . Their representatives have dry to sticky, smooth hats, the edge of which is sometimes slightly velvety in young specimens. Your milk will turn an intense yellow color within seconds.

meaning

The mushroom is classified as poisonous by Phillips and Lamaison, but rated as edible by Bon. Garnweidner considers it inedible. Eating multiple types of poisonous milklings can lead to acute digestive discomfort, which can also be serious. The milk of the golden liquid milkling tastes very hot.

swell

  • Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms . Paul Parey, Hamburg, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-490-19818-2 , pp. 92 .
  • Roger Phillips: Mushrooms . Pan MacMillan, 2006, ISBN 0-330-44237-6 , pp. 25 .
  • Jean-Louis Lamaison, Jean-Marie Polese: The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms . Könemann, 2005, ISBN 3-8331-1239-5 , p. 49 .
  • Edmund Garnweidner: GU natural guide mushrooms . 2nd Edition. Gräfe and Unzer, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-7742-2216-9 , pp. 168 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott : A Greek-English Lexicon . Oxford University Press , Oxford 1980, ISBN 0-19-910207-4 .
  2. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 54.
  3. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 122 .
  4. ↑ Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Pilze . tape 1 : Lamellar fungi, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellae. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 299 .
  5. ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 190 .
  6. ↑ a b c Lactarius chrysorrheus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  7. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 390.
  8. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius chrysorrheus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 14, 2011.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  9. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 .
  10. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  11. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( online [accessed January 9, 2012]). online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  12. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, accessed January 17, 2012 .
  13. ↑ Kuulo Kalamees: Checklist of the species of the genus Lactarius (Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia . In: Folia Cryptogamica Estonica . Vol 44, p. 63-74 .
  14. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 92 .
  15. ↑ Ewald Langer: Red list of large mushrooms in Hesse. (PDF; 540 kB) (No longer available online.) In: sachsen-anhalt.de. Hessian Ministry for Environment, Agriculture and Forests, 2000, formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 29, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hessen.de  
  16. ↑ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red list and species directory of the Sprödblättler - Russulales - in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF; 50 kB) (No longer available online.) In: lanuv.nrw.de. Ministry of Environment and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, 2009, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved February 29, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  17. ↑ Lactarius chrysorrheus. Fr. 1838. In: mycobank.org. Retrieved February 29, 2012 .
  18. ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 316-325 .
  19. ↑ Denis R. Benjamin: Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas - a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians . WH Freeman and Company, New York 1995, ISBN 0-7167-2600-9 , pp. 364/65 .
  20. ↑ Garnweidner, Lamaison

Web links

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