Beautiful zone milkling

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Beautiful zone milkling
The beautiful zone milkling (Lactarius zonarius)

The beautiful zone milkling ( Lactarius zonarius )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Beautiful zone milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius zonarius
Bull. Fr.

The beautiful zone milkling ( Lactarius zonarius , Syn . : Lactarius insulsus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). Other names for this Milchling are Orange Zone Milchling and Real Zone Milchling . It is a medium-sized milkling with an ocher-yellow to ocher-orange colored and mostly clearly zoned hat and a pitted stem. The flesh turns pink and the edge of the hat is felty on young fruit bodies. In Central Europe, the Milchling usually grows under oaks, the fruiting bodies appear from August to October.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 5–10 (–12) cm wide, arched flat when young, but soon spread out flat and depressed in the middle. With age it is deepened in a funnel shape and often bent in a wavy manner. The surface is smooth and matt and slightly greasy when damp and has a silky sheen. The hat is zoned concentrically orange and ocher yellow on a light to deep yellow background. The brim of the hat, which has been curved in for a long time, is hairy when young.

The arched lamellas are white to yellowish and run down the handle. They are often forked near the handle. The blade edges are smooth.

The cylindrical stem is 2–5 cm long and 1–2 (–2.5) cm wide. It is initially full and later chambered and hollow. The stem surface is smooth and whitish when young, later more yellowish and often has a few yellowish, pitted spots that can later turn ocher-brown in places.

The whitish flesh turns pale pink or salmon-colored when cut and later turns light gray. It smells inconspicuous, slightly fruity or of geranium leaves and tastes hot. The milk is invariably white and also tastes hot to very hot.

Microscopic features

The rather round to elliptical spores are on average 6.9–7.7 µm long and 5.8–6.2 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament consists of up to 0.8 (-1.0) µm high, individual warts and short burr ribs, which are often connected, but hardly form closed meshes. The hillock is inamyloid .

The four-pore basidia are cylindrical to bulbous and measure 47–55 × 9–11 µm. The 40–52 µm long and 4–6 µm wide pleuromacrocystids are quite numerous. They are spindle-shaped and often constricted or forked at the tip like a string of pearls. The lamellar edges are sterile and have numerous, fairly cylindrical to spindle-shaped or wavy, 17–30 µm long and 3–7 µm wide paracystidia . The rare, spindle-shaped cheilomacrocystidia measure 25–35 × 3–6 µm.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is one ( Ixocutis ), consisting of more or less parallel lying (1-) 2-4.5 µm wide hyphae , which are all gelatinized. The ends of the hyphae have rounded tips.

Species delimitation

The beautiful zone milkling can easily be confused with three other species from the Zonarius group. The cross-veined Milchling Lactarius acerrimus occurs in comparable locations, but has clearly cross-veined lamellae. Microscopically, it can be clearly distinguished from the fact that it is the only milkling that has only two-pored basidia. Another similar milkling that grows in oaks, quaking aspen or willows is the pale zone milkling ( Lactarius evosmus ). He has a cream to light yellow hat that is barely zoned on the edge and the stem is not speckled. The lamellas are also lighter in color and a little further apart. The edge of the hat is never felty on young fruiting bodies. The Montane zone milkling ( Lactarius zonarioides ) already differs in its occurrence in the mountain coniferous forest.

ecology

Like all Milchlinge , the Schöne Zonen-Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that grows under oak trees in Germany. In Switzerland and southern Europe it is also found on chestnuts. The Milchling occurs in heat-favored locations in hornbeam-oak forests, hardwood meadows and in clearings or on the edges of forest paths under oaks. You can also occasionally find it in parks. The Milchling likes moderately dry to moderately fresh, loamy, neutral to base-rich but nutrient-poor soils over lime, lime sand or marl. The fruiting bodies appear between August and October.

distribution

Distribution of the beautiful zone Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray. The Milchling could not be detected in the countries shown in white.

The Milchling was found in North Africa, North America and Europe. In Europe, the more heat-loving species can be found in France, Great Britain and Belgium and throughout Central Europe. It may also occur sporadically in southern Fennoscandinavia . In Germany, the Milchling is very dispersed from southern Lower Saxony to Bavaria. The Milchling is very rare in Saxony and Hesse and seems to be completely absent in Thuringia, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. In Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg as well as nationwide, the Milchling is considered endangered (RL3) and in North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Schleswig-Holstein and the Saarland as endangered (RL2). The Milchling is not common in Switzerland either, but it is harmless.

Systematics

The Milchling was first described by J. Bulliard in 1782 as Agaricus zonarius . In 1838 Fries placed it in the genus Lactarius , so that it received its current name. Lactifluus zonarius (Bull.) Kuntze 1891 and Galorrheus zonarius (Bull.) P. Kumm. (1871) are nomenclatory synonyms and Lactarius scrobipes Kühner & Romagn. , L. zonarius var. Scrobipes (Kühner & Romagn.) Bon and L. insulsus in the Neuhoff sense are taxonomic synonyms. Lactarius zonarius in the sense of Neuhoff and Moser is now synonymous with Lactarius evosmus , while L. zonarius in the sense of Konrad & Maublanc is synonymous with Lactarius zonarioides the Montan zone milkling . Heilmann-Clausen et al. point out that the name Lactarius insulsus , which was often used in the past for the beautiful zone milkling, is a " noun dubium ", since it is completely unclear which taxon Fries had in mind when he did the Kind of described. It is very unlikely that it is Lactarius zonarius , as the species does not occur or is extremely rare in Scandinavia.

Inquiry systematics

The Milchling is placed in the Zonarii subsection by M. Bon , M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen . The representatives of the subsection have greasy and somewhat sticky hats that are more or less zoned. The hat color is yellow, ocher, yellow-brown or pink. The milk is white and stays that way, and the spore powder is white too. The milk lumps usually taste more or less hot or bitter.

meaning

The Schöne Zonen-Milchling is inedible and is considered to be slightly poisonous.

Remarks

  1. ↑ According to Heilmann-Clausen, the species, as defined here, has not yet been proven with certainty in Fennoscandinavia. According to Krieglsteiner, the species occurs in Denmark and southern Finland.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Lactarius zonarius . In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it . Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 1, 2012.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mtsn.tn.it
  2. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 82 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 122.
  4. ↑ a b Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 130-131 (English).
  5. ^ A b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 p. 403.
  6. ^ Lactarius zonarius in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius zonarius. Retrieved September 7, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  9. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  10. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  11. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 ( PDF, 1.6MB ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed July 9, 2013]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.protectedareas.mk
  12. ↑ Grid map of Lactarius zonarius. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on March 3, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / data.nbn.org.uk  
  13. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on October 18, 2012 ; accessed on March 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  14. ↑ H.-J. Hardtke & P. ​​Otto: Red List of Mushrooms Free State of Saxony. (No longer available online.) In: smul.sachsen.de. Saxon State Office for Environment and Geology, 1999, formerly in the original ; Retrieved April 1, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.smul.sachsen.de  
  15. ↑ Ewald Langer: Red list of large mushrooms in Hesse. (PDF [540 KB]) (No longer available online.) In: www.hessen. Hessian Ministry for Environment, Agriculture and Forests, 2000, formerly in the original ; Retrieved April 1, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hessen.de  
  16. ↑ Peter Karasch and Christoph Hahn: Red List of Endangered Large Mushrooms in Bavaria. (PDF [4.5 MB]) In: lfu.bayern.de. Bavarian State Office for the Environment, 2009, accessed on April 1, 2012 .
  17. ↑ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red list and species directory of the Sprödblättler - Russulales - in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF [50 KB]) (No longer available online.) In: lanuv.nrw.de. Ministry of Environment and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, 2009, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved April 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  18. ^ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red List of Rhineland-Palatinate. (PDF [50 KB]) (No longer available online.) In: luwg.rlp.de. State Office for the Environment, Water Management and Trade Inspection Rhineland-Palatinate, 2006, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved April 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.luwg.rlp.de
  19. ↑ Matthias Lüderitz: The large mushrooms Schleswig-Holstein - Red List. (PDF [880 KB]) Volume 3 Non-leaf mushrooms (Aphyllophorales) Deaf and milk lice (Russulales). In: Umweltdaten.landsh.de. State Office for Nature and the Environment of Schleswig-Holstein, 2001, accessed on April 1, 2012 .
  20. ↑ Johannes A. Schmitt: Red list of the mushrooms of the Saarland. (PDF [160 KB]) Retrieved April 1, 2012 .
  21. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Pars 2. Leipzig / London / Paris 1891, p. 856 ( Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  22. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 127 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  23. ^ Synonyms of Lactarius zonarius. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed September 7, 2011 .
  24. ^ A b c Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 364-370 (Italian).

Web links

Commons : Schöner Zonen-Milchling ( Lactarius zonarius )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius zonarius. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).
  • Lactarius zonarius. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, photos from the Schönen Zonen-Milchling).
  • Roger Phillips: Lactarius zonarius. In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, accessed June 20, 2011 .