Burgundy pine irritant

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Burgundy pine irritant
2009-11-12 Lactarius sanguifluus 64507 crop.jpg

Burgundy pine bark ( Lactarius sanguifluus )

Systematics
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Section : Irritant ( Deliciosi )
Type : Burgundy pine irritant
Scientific name
Lactarius sanguifluus
( Paulet ) Fr.

The wine Red Pine Reizker ( Lactarius sanguifluus ) is a fungal art from the family of Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). It was first described as Hypophyllum sanguifluum by Jean-Jacques Paulet in 1811 and received its current scientific name in 1838 by Elias Magnus Fries . The species attribute ( epithet ) sanguifluus means blood-flowing. The heat-loving irritant likes calcareous soils and occurs under pines. It is considered to be a very good edible mushroom.

features

Macroscopic features

The thick-fleshed hat of the wine-red Kiefern-Reizker is 5–9, rarely up to 12 cm wide. When young it is flatly arched, then spread out and depressed in the center and deepened slightly funnel-shaped with age. The surface is smooth and matt when dry. When wet, the hat skin is shiny and greasy. The hat is colored dirty orange and has a wine-reddish tint. It is not or only slightly zoned, sometimes it shows greenish spots - especially in old age. The smooth edge is curved for a long time.

The lamellae are creamy-yellow when young, with a wine-red tone, later flesh to wine-reddish. They change color to wine-red when pressed. They are broadly attached to the stem and run down a little. Numerous slats are forked and mixed in with quite a few intermediate slats. The cutting edges are smooth and the spore powder is loose.

The cylindrical, young full, later pithy-hollow stalk is 3–5 (6) cm long and 1.5–2.0 (2.5) cm wide. It is partially tapered towards the base. The surface is smooth to weakly longitudinally veined and frosted whitish on a wine-reddish background. It often shows some pitted, wine-red spots.

The meat is light creamy yellow, quickly discolored wine-red when cut and greenish after a few hours. The smell is slightly fruity, the taste is mild to bitter. The mild to bitter milk is wine red and has a light purple tint. It is more or less unchangeable, but it can also tan slightly.

Microscopic features

The round to elliptical spores are 7.2–9.4 µm long and 6.1–7.7 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and spore width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament is up to 0.6 µm high and consists of rather thick degrees or ribs, some of which are connected to one another like a network. There are also numerous shorter ridges and isolated warts.

The basidia are rather club-like to bulbous and measure 50–73 × 10–12 µm. They carry four 4–6 µm long sterigms . The spindle-, awl- to sword-shaped pleuromacrocystids are sparse to quite numerous. They are 47–55 µm long and 7–8 µm wide. Often they can only be found on the bottom of the slats. The lamellar blades are sterile and have few to numerous spindle-shaped to awl-shaped cheilomacrocystids . These measure 23–40 x 5–6 µm.

The hat skin is up to 200 microns wide Ixocutis . It consists of parallel hyphae and hyphae fragments, 2–5 µm wide , which are often branched and strongly intertwined. In between there are individual lactifera , everything gelatinized.

Species delimitation

The wine-red pine irritant is probably the easiest to determine because it is the only one who has wine-red milk from the start. With the other stimulus core, an orange to orange-red milk emerges first, which only turns wine-red after a few minutes or hours or, as in the case of the real stimulus, fades green.

distribution

Distribution of the Kapfer-Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside of Europe are shown in gray.

The wine-red pine irritant is a warmth-loving, predominantly European species that is only somewhat more common in the Mediterranean region. It occurs in the Canary Islands , Balearic Islands , Italy and Cyprus. In Western Europe, it is found in France, Luxembourg and Belgium. In the Netherlands it was found on lime-rich dunes in a warm, sunny and sheltered location on the edge of a forest dominated by pine trees. It is found all over Central Europe, but mostly only rarely or scattered here. In Northern Europe it has only been found on the limestone islands of Bornholm and Gotland. The North American occurrences are not closely related to Kiefernreizker and probably belong to the family group of Lactarius indigo. There is also evidence from Pakistan, Japan and China. However, it remains to be seen whether they are really of the same species as the European pines.

In Germany, the wine-red pine irritant occurs almost exclusively in southern Germany. There are also individual records from North Rhine-Westphalia, southern Lower Saxony, Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt. The fungus seems to be missing north of the low mountain range threshold. On the German Red List , the Reizker is listed in the risk category RL3. The species is also rather rare in Switzerland.

meaning

Food value

The wine-red Kiefern-Reizker is edible like all Milchlinge from the Deliciosi section . In addition to the noble stimulant, it is considered to be the tastiest among the stimulant.

ingredients

Structural formula of lactaroviolin, an orange-red dye.

The wine-red pine irritant contains a mixture of different sterols . The most important sterol with a 57% share is ergosterol - a mycosterol. Ergosterol is related to the sterol cholesterol , which occurs mainly in the cell membrane of animals and humans, but also serves as a precursor for a whole range of hormones . In addition to ergosterol, smaller amounts of various ergosterol derivatives are found, including ergost-7-en-3β-ol, ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol and ergosta-5,7-dien-3β-ol. Ergosterol is a precursor of vitamin D .

In addition, the milk Reizker pigments belonging to the group that contains Guajan - sesquiterpenes include. The main Guajan sesquiterpenes are Lactaroviolin and Sangol . If the fruit body is damaged, these sesquiterpenes are released from a precursor of a fatty acid ester, and these compounds can react enzymatically or through oxidation with atmospheric oxygen to form further products.

swell

literature

  • Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici . 1838, p. 341 .
  • Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms . Paul Parey, Hamburg, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-490-19818-2 , pp. 80 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Synonyms of Lactarius sanguifluus. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed November 30, 2011 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 102.
  3. ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 200 .
  4. ^ A b J. Nuytinck & A. Verbeken: Morphology and taxonomy of the European species in Lactarius sect. Deliciosi (Russulales) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 92 , 2005, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 153 ( online [accessed October 26, 2011]). online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  5. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 355.
  6. ↑ Lactarius sanguifluus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius sanguifluus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  9. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  10. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0088/0289.htm cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed August 31, 2011]). Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  11. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 ( PDF, 1.6MB ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed July 9, 2013]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.protectedareas.mk
  12. ↑ A. Verbeken & R. Walleyn: Orange-green milk cap in Belgium . In: AMK Mededelingen . tape 2 , 1998, p. 37-44 .
  13. ↑ L. Jalink et al .: Lactarius sanguifluus new for Netherlands and other nice things . In: Coolia . tape 40 , no. 3 , 1997, p. 188-90 .
  14. ^ Kishwar Sultana et al .: Check list of agarics of Kaghan Valley . In: Pakistan Journal of Botany . tape 43 , no. 3, 2011, ISSN  1560-2745 , p. 1777–1787 ( online [PDF; 157 kB ]).
  15. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 80 .
  16. ^ R. Cerri et al .: Sterols from three Lactarius species . In: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology . tape 9 , No. 4, 1981, p. 247-8 , doi : 10.1016 / 0305-1978 (81) 90002-8 .
  17. ^ S. De Rosa & S. De Stefano: Guaiane sesquiterpenes from Lactarius sanguifluus . In: Phytochemistry . tape 26 , No 7, 1986, p. 2007-9 , doi : 10.1016 / S0031-9422 (00) 81747-1 .
  18. ^ O. Sterner et al .: The isolation of a guaiane sesquiterpene from fruit bodies of Lactarius sanguifluus . O. Sterner et al. In: Phytochemistry . tape 28 , No. 9, 1988, pp. 2501-2 , doi : 10.1016 / S0031-9422 (00) 98015-4 .

Web links

Commons : Burgundy Kiefern-Milchling ( Lactarius sanguifluus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius sanguifluus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved November 30, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin description).
  • Lactarius sanguifluus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved November 30, 2011 (Italian, photos of the Weinroten Kiefern-Milchling).