Cow-red Milchling

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Cow-red Milchling
The Kuhrote Milchling (Lactarius hysginus)

The Kuhrote Milchling ( Lactarius hysginus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Cow-red Milchling
Scientific name
Lactarius hysginus
Fr. Fr.

The Kuhrote Milchling or Fleischrote Milchling ( Lactarius hysginus syn .: Lactarius curtus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). He is a medium-sized milkling with a greasy to slimy, brick-colored hat and a short stem. The mycorrhizal fungus has an aromatic smell and usually grows in spruce trees. The fruiting bodies of the hot-tasting and inedible Milchling appear between August and October.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 4–8 (11) cm wide, initially flat arched, but soon spread out and depressed in the middle. It is reddish-brown to flesh-pink-brownish in color and sometimes tinged with purple and zoned more or less indistinctly and concentrically. The shiny skin of the hat is greasy, slimy when wet, and often somewhat radially wrinkled, especially towards the center. The edge is initially curved, then smooth, thin and sharp.

The closely spaced lamellas are broadly attached to the stem and hardly run down it. They are more or less mixed in or forked and initially pale yellow in color, later lively ocher yellow. Often they have a lemon-yellow bezel. They become brown spots in injured areas. The spore powder is ocher.

The short stem is 3–5 cm long and 1–1.5 (2) cm wide. At first it is stuffed, with age it is hollow and pale reddish-brown or colored like the lamellas. Sometimes it has darker, shallow pits and on its whitish, ring-like zoned tip, you can often see water-clear droplets in younger fruiting bodies. The base of the stem is covered with a whitish mycelium.

The whitish flesh is brownish under the cap skin and has an aromatic, fruity smell, when it dries more like fenugreek or maggi spice. It tastes very hot. The white milk is also burning hot and does not discolour.

Microscopic features

The round to broadly ellipsoidal spores are 6.4–7.9 µm long and 5.8–7.0 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1-1.2. The spore ornament consists of a few, isolated, blunt, up to 1 µm high warts and very wide, burr-like ribs, most of which are connected in a network. The hilarity is inamyloid or is only partially stained with iodine reagents.

The mostly four-pore basidia are cylindrical to club-shaped or bulbous and measure 40–60 × 8–11 µm. The numerous, 45–90 µm long and 8–10 µm wide pleuromacrocystids are spindle-shaped or lanceolate. The also numerous cheilomacrocystids on the heterogeneous lamellar edges are spindle-shaped to bottle-shaped and measure 35–65 × 6–10 µm.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 100-300 µm thick ixotrichoderm and is formed from more or less parallel, gelatinized hyphae . Upright, more or less wavy, 2-3 µm wide hyphae ends protrude from this hyaline to pale brownish hyphae, the upper end of which is rounded to slightly heady.

Species delimitation

The Kuhrote Milchling is an easily identifiable species that can hardly be confused. Pay attention to the typical Maggi smell when it dries up , as it is also typical for the camphor milkling ( L. camphoratus ) and the felty milkling ( L. helvus ). Then note the sharp taste, the rich red-brown hat, the greasy to slimy skin and the ocher-yellow lamellae when ripe. Under the microscope, the relatively small, rounded spores with the broad-ribbed ornament and thick Ixocutis are typical and unmistakable, so that this milkling can easily be distinguished from other reddish-brown milkling species.

ecology

Like all Milchlinge, the Kuhrote Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that usually forms a symbiotic partnership with spruce trees and rarely with pines or birches.

The Milchling can be found in often moist spruce, fir and spruce forests as well as in spruce and pine forests. But it also grows in birch stands, often in clearings or on the edges of forests and forest roads. The fungus prefers acidic soils that are low in bases and nutrients, such as podsols or sandy to weakly interlaced brown earth over silicate rock such as granite, gneiss or sandstone or over superficially strongly acidified clays and marls. The Milchling is extremely nitrogen and bald avoiding.

The fruiting bodies appear between August and the end of October. The mushroom is mainly found in the hills and mountains and only rarely in the lowlands.

distribution

Distribution of the Kuhroten Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The Holarctic species has been found in northern Asia (eastern Siberia, Japan, South Korea), North America (northern USA) and Europe. It is rare in Western Europe (Paris Basin, Belgium, in Great Britain northwards to the Hebrides). In Central Europe, the Milchling is widespread from Eastern France (Vosges, Jura) eastwards via Switzerland and Austria to Hungary and from Germany to Poland (Silesia, northwards to East Prussia). The Milchling is also rare in Northern Europe. It has been found in Denmark, southern Sweden, southern Finland and Bornholm.

In Germany, the Kuhrote Milchling is scattered irregularly in the hills and mountains from Bavaria to Lower Saxony and is generally very scattered or rarely occurs. It is absent in Schleswig-Holstein, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, and the particularly lime-avoiding species is mostly absent in limestone areas. Since the Milchling is in decline everywhere, it is very much threatened with extinction. In Austria there are finds from all federal states except Vienna, but very scattered and patchy.

Systematics

The Milchling was first described in 1818 by Elias Magnus Fries in his work Observationes mycologicae as Agaricus hysginus . In his work " Epicrisis systematis mycologici " (1838) Fries placed the milkling in the genus Lactarius , so that it got its scientific name, which is valid today. Lactifluus hysginus (Fr.) Kuntze (1891) is a nomenclature synonym, while Lactarius curtus Britzelm. (1885) is a taxonomic synonym in the opinion of most authors. In Lactarius hysginus within the meaning of Blum is a misinterpretation of the taxon, Blum's name refers to the Nordic Milchling ( L. trivialis ).

The Latin epithet hysginus is derived from hysginum (Hysgin - purple or crimson), a purple-red to red-brown dye popular in antiquity (see ancient dyeing ).

Inquiry systematics

Heilmann-Clausen and M. Basso put the Kuhrote Milchling in the Glutinosi section, but while Basso puts the Milchling in the Trivialini subsection , whose representatives are brown, violet-brown or reddish-brown hats, a more or less unchangeable, whitish milk and a sticky one up to greasy hat skin, Heilmann-Clausen places the milkling in the Pallidini subsection , in which he summarizes milklings that have an unzoned, cream-colored or reddish-brown hat, a mostly unchangeable milk and spores with zebra-stripe-like to net-like ornamentation. The cap skin of these milklings is well developed as an ixotrichoderm.

meaning

The hot-tasting Milchling is inedible.

literature

  • Roger Phillips: Lactarius hysginus. In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, accessed June 20, 2011 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 337 (Latin, online ).
  2. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 84 .
  3. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 192 .
  4. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 70.
  5. ↑ a b Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 80-81 (English).
  6. ^ Lactarius hysginus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius hysginus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-273 (English).
  9. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 394.
  10. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the macromycetes of Central Balkan Mountain (Bulgaria) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 578 kB ]).
  11. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mešic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V. Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae . In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  12. ↑ Interactive map of Lactarius hysginus. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on March 3, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / data.nbn.org.uk
  13. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on October 18, 2012 ; accessed on March 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  14. ↑ Database of mushrooms in Austria, accessed on May 17, 2012
  15. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes mycologicae . Pars secunda. Ed .: sumptibus G. Bonnieri [Hauniae]. 1818, p. 192 (Latin, Google eBook ).
  16. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Part 2. Leipzig / London / Paris 1891, p. 856 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
  17. ↑ Karl Ernst Georges: hysginum . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 3108 ( zeno.org ).
  18. ^ Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 133-144 (Italian).
  19. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 (English).

Web links

Commons : Kuhroter Milchling ( Lactarius hysginus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Synonyms of Lactarius hysginus. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
  • Lactarius hysginus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on September 3, 2004 ; Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin diagnosis).
  • Lactarius hysginus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Kuhroten Milchling).