Camphor Milchling
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Camphor Milchling ( Lactarius camphoratus ) |
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| Lactarius camphoratus | ||||||||||||
| ( Bull. ) Ms. |
The candy cap ( Lactarius camphoratus ) is a fungus - kind from the family of Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). It is a small to fairly small milkling with a red-brown to dark maroon hat, watery-white milk and more or less cinnamon-brown lamellae. When drying, the Milchling smells strongly of camphor or "Maggi" and is therefore also used as a seasoning mushroom. Despite its relatively mild taste, the mushroom is considered inedible and is only used for seasoning. The mycorrhizal fungus is usually found gregarious between June and November in mixed coniferous and deciduous forests on acidic, nutrient-poor soils.
features
The hat of the camphor milkling is 2.5–5 cm wide and curved in young fruiting bodies and later spread out flat. With age, the middle is depressed or deepened into a funnel shape. The middle of the hat often has a small, pointed hump or has a small papilla . The matt surface is smooth to slightly bumpy or uneven-wrinkled and has a cloudy, dark red to chestnut brown color. Sometimes it is almost black-brown or cloudy orange-brown in color. The somewhat hygrophane hat can fade a little when it dries up and then becomes flesh brown. For a long time the edge is curved and smooth, only with age is it slightly grooved and often faded like meat.
The lamellae are pale reddish in color and become almost reddish brown and blotchy with age. They are often dusted with white flour due to the spore powder. The lamellas are usually wide on the stem or run down a little. Occasionally they are forked and stand moderately crowded.
The cylindrical stem is 2.5–6 cm long and 0.5–1 cm wide. It is usually hollow on the inside and often pressed flat. The stem surface is pink-brown when young and finely frosted with white, later balding and is then red-brown and usually only slightly lighter in color than the hat.
The milk, reminiscent of whey, is watery-white and unchangeable in the air. The meat is beige in color and has a reddish tone. It is dark red-brown under the hat skin. When fresh, the fruiting bodies smell a bit like leaf bugs, just like the oak milkling ( L. quietus ). When drying, the smell intensifies and the fruiting bodies smell distinctly Maggi-like ( lovage ) or of chicory or fenugreek . The meat tastes mild, but sometimes has a slightly bitter or astringent aftertaste. The spore powder is whitish.
Microscopic features
The spores are round to broadly elliptical and on average 6.9–7.6 µm long and 5.9–6.4 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.05–1.25. The spore ornament is up to 1.2 µm high and clearly protrudes. It consists of pointed, thorny warts and a few ridges, some of which are connected by fine lines, but only form a few closed meshes. The hilly spot is amyloid to irregularly amyloid. The rather club-like basidia are 30–45 µm long and 8.5–11 µm wide and usually carry four sterigms.
The sparse to numerous cheilomacrocystids on the lamellar edge are awl-shaped, cylindrical or spindle-shaped and measure 23–45 × 3.5–7 µm. In between there are individual cylindrical-club-shaped and multiple septate cells that are up to 45 µm long and up to 6 µm wide. The pleuromacrocystids are rare or absent. If they are present, they are awl-shaped to spindle-shaped and measure 35–55 × 7–10 µm.
The hat skin (Pileipellis) is a 60–90 µm thick hyphoepithelium . In this type of hat, the hat skin is more or less two-layered. The lower layer ( subpellis ) consists of fairly round, 15–40 µm long and 12–25 µm wide hyphae cells, while the upper layer contains cylindrical hyphal end cells, 12–35 µm long and 4.5–7.5 µm are wide. The elongated hyphal end cells are not very noticeable and are often more or less compressed.
Species delimitation
The camphor milkling is characterized by its dark, dull colors, the watery milk and its strong smell of Maggi wort. However, the smell only becomes apparent when it dries. The fresh mushroom smells a bit like leaf bugs and could therefore be confused with the similar, smooth-capped sweet milkling ( L. subdulcis ).
In addition, the Milchling is very similar to the red-brown ( L. rufus ) and the brown-red milkling ( L. badiosanguineus ), both of which can be found in comparable locations.
In contrast to camphor milkling, the red-brown milkling tastes extremely hot and has a completely different hat skin ( hat cover layer ). The brown-red Milchling, on the other hand, tastes mild to slightly bitter. His hat skin is also structured differently and his flesh turns yellow in the cut.
Another similar species is the watery milkling ( L. serifluus ), which also has an unpleasant smell of leaf bugs, but has more distant lamellae. His hat is more or less orange-brown in color and has a lighter, yellow-brown colored edge. You can find it in deciduous forests mostly under oaks and beeches. The two species can be distinguished microscopically in that the watery milkling does not have any macrocystids .
The larger, yellow-brownish Bruch-Reizker ( L. helvus ) also has a certain similarity. Even when fresh it smells of Maggi and is characterized by its water-clear milk. It is a typical inhabitant of acidic, damp forests or occurs in or on the edge of moors.
ecology
The camphor milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that preferably forms a symbiosis with spruce , less often with other conifers and / or beeches .
The Milchling can therefore be found in red beech, fir, spruce and spruce forests, as well as in spruce forests on fresh to moist, acidic and nutrient-poor soils. It usually prefers medium-sized, sandy to lame, often more or less heavily podsolized brown and parabrown soils . It can also be found on superficially acidified soils covered by litter and moss.
The fruiting bodies appear mostly gregarious between June and November. They often grow near or on moss-covered spruce stumps.
distribution
The camphor milkling is a Holarctic species that is found all over the northern hemisphere. The Milchling has been detected in North Asia (Eastern Siberia, Japan, Korea), North America (Canada, USA, Mexico), North Africa and Europe. The species is distributed almost all over Europe and occurs wherever its most important host, the spruce, occurs. The species is somewhat rarer in northern Fennoscandinavia .
The species is widespread in Germany, Austria and Switzerland and is common almost everywhere.
Systematics
The camphor milkling is placed in the Olentes section, which in turn is in the Russularia subgenus . The representatives of the section are characterized by mostly brownish hats, a more or less watery milk and a strong bug-like to curry-like odor. The cap skin is a hyphoepithelium .
meaning
Because of its slightly bitter milk, the camphor milkling is not one of the classic edible mushrooms, although it is used as a spice mushroom when dried. Its taste is very reminiscent of fenugreek , which is why the mushroom is valued by some mushroom pickers.
literature
- Meinhard Moser : Small cryptogam flora . Volume IIb / 2 The boletus and agaric mushrooms . Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart / New York, 1983.
- Markus Flück: Which mushroom is that? - recognize, collect, use . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-440-06706-8 .
Web links
- Lactarius camphoratus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved March 4, 2012 (English, photos and original Latin description).
- Lactarius camphoratus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 4, 2012 (Italian, photos of the camphor milkling).
Individual evidence
- ^ Synonyms of Lactarius camphoratus. (Bull.) Fr., Epicr. syst. mycol. (Upsaliae): 346 (1838). In: Index Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved January 9, 2012 .
- ↑ a b Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Mushrooms Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellas . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 298 .
- ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 52.
- ↑ a b c Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 214-215 (English).
- ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 407.
- ^ Lactarius camphoratus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 13, 2011 .
- ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Lactarius camphoratus. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved January 9, 2012 .
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
- ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ]).
- ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 289 ( http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0088/0289.htm online [accessed January 9, 2012]). Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on October 18, 2012 ; accessed on January 9, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved January 9, 2012 .
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed January 9, 2012 .
Remarks
- ↑ See comments in the article Milder Milchling .