Mild Milchling
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Fruit bodies of the mild milkling ( Lactarius aurantiacus ) |
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| Lactarius aurantiacus | ||||||||||||
| ( Pers. ) Gray |
The mild milkling ( Lactarius aurantiacus , syn .: Lactarius aurantiofulvus , Lactarius mitissimus ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . It is a fairly small to medium-sized milkling with broad lamellas and an orange-brown to ocher-orange-colored, sticky, shiny hat. The edible Milchling appears in coniferous and mixed forests from August to November. It is also called Orange-Red Milchling or Bitter Orange-Milchling . The species is used here in the sense of Heilmann et al. (1998) treated. Other authors divide the species into two or three other species.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 3–6 (–7) cm wide, almost hemispherical when young, later spread out and then depressed in the middle. Sometimes it has a small hump or papilla in the middle . The hat surface is smooth, more or less matt when dry and a bit smeary and shiny in damp weather. The hat is uniformly yellow-orange to bright orange-red in color. The edge zone is not infrequently lighter, sometimes also yellowish, colored. The edge of young fruiting bodies is curved, but it soon becomes smooth and sharp.
The rather tight lamellae are creamy yellow when young and later turn light reddish to ocher in color. They are straight to bulged on the stem and are only slightly forked. The lamellar edges are smooth and the spore powder is whitish.
The cylindrical stem is 2.5-5 (-7) cm long and 0.5-1.2 cm wide. The stem surface is smooth to finely veined. Young specimens are creamy yellow and slightly whitish, later the stem is yellow-orange.
The very fragile flesh is yellowish white to pale orange and smells faintly like the oak milkling or like leaf bugs. The Milchling tastes mild and after a while often bitter or radish-like. The milk is white and does not change color when exposed to air. It also tastes mild to bitter.
Microscopic features
The spores are round to elliptical and on average 7.6–8.6 µm long and 6.2–7.0 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.4. The spore ornament is between 0.5 and 1 µm high and consists of numerous, sometimes burr-like elongated warts and ribs, which are little to strong network-like connected. The hillock is usually inamyloid . The basidia are more or less club-shaped and measure 40–55 × 7.5–13 µm. They each wear four sterigms .
The narrow spindle-shaped to quite cylindrical pleuromacrocystids are sparse to numerous and measure 45–80 (–90) × 6.5–11 µm. The lamellar cutting edges are more or less sterile, they usually do not have very many spindle-shaped cheilomacrocystids that are about 20–40 µm long and 5.5–8 µm wide.
The cap skin ( Pileipellis ) is a confused, 65–90 µm thick (ixo-) trichoderm , which consists of irregularly intertwined, ascending, 3–5 µm wide hyphae . The walls of the hyphae are partially weakly gelatinized. The hyphal end cells measure 12–45 × 2–4.5 µm and are more or less cylindrical, they are often partially compressed. The hyphae in the subpellis are approx. 7.5 (-10) µm wide and slightly inflated.
Species delimitation
The mild milkling can be confused with the orange fox milkling ( L. fulvissimus ). The Milde Milchling, however, has a more monochromatic hat and wider lamellae that do not run down the stem with a tooth. In addition, the two species differ in their different microscopic features and the differently structured cap skin.
ecology
Like all Milchlinge , the Milde Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that enters into a symbiotic partnership with spruce in particular . Other conifers or red beeches can serve as hosts much less often .
His preference for spruce is also evident from the fact that the fungus is mostly found in spruce, fir and spruce forests. But it also occurs under interspersed spruce trees in various beech and hornbeam-oak forests , rarely and only occasionally in other forest communities. Together with creeping willows , it was even found on sand dunes.
The Milchling likes fresh to slightly moist, medium-sized soils that are weakly to copiously rich in bases and nutrients, but contain little nitrogen . It is often found on silty, sandy to clayey, humus-rich brown soils , usually covered by litter . The fruiting bodies appear mostly gregarious from July to November, preferably in the hills and mountains.
distribution
The Milde Milchling is a Holarctic species that is widespread in northern Asia (eastern Siberia), North America, North Africa and Europe. In Europe, the Milchling is widespread throughout the combined spruce, red beech and oak area.
Systematics
Today, Milde Milchling is understood in a broad sense. Some authors, such as M. Bon or Marchand, separate the species into two or three other species. L. mitissimus Fr. is said to have more or less isolated warty spores and taste very mild, Lactarius aurantiofulvus J. Blum ex Bon (1985) is said to have reticulate warty spores and taste sharp and L. aurantiacus ( Pers. ) Gray (1821) in the narrower sense (sensu stricto) should taste hot and bitter and the spores should be somewhat larger and irregularly net.
While M. Bon equates his " L. aurantiofulvus ", which for him is synonymous with L. mitissimus , with the common L. aurantiacus , he separates his " L. aurantiacus " from it. Your hat should be depressed more quickly and often bent in an irregular wavy manner and the hat skin should be a little smearier. It should also taste sharp and bitter.
Inquiry systematics
The species is placed in the Mitissimi section by M. Basso and Bon . The representatives of the section have strong orange to reddish brown colored hats and white, non-discoloring milk. The meat tastes mild to pungent or bitter. Heilmann-Clausen places the Milchling in his section Russularia , which combines the species from the sections Russulales and Mitissimi .
meaning
The Milde Milchling is edible, but there are also some pungent or bitter forms.
Remarks
- ↑ In the mycological literature , the term leaf bugs does not refer to a taxon , but is a non-specific term for various leaf-eating bugs from very different families. Many of these bedbugs have stink glands to deter their enemies, which give off that characteristic bug odor. Typical plant bugs, for example the Bunte leaf bug ( Elasmostethus interstinctus ) from the family of acanthosomatidae and the green shield bug ( Palomena prasina ) from the family of the stink bugs . But bed bugs from other genera or families are also known as leaf bugs.
Individual evidence
- ^ Synonyms of Lactarius aurantiacus. ( Pers. ) Gray , Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 624 (1821). In: Index Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved January 13, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c d e Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 178-179 (English).
- ↑ a b c Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 90 .
- ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 194 .
- ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 46.
- ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 405.
- ↑ Lactarius mitissimus. in the Pilzoek database. Retrieved January 3, 2012 .
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius aurantiacus. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved January 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
- ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 289 ( http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0088/0289.htm cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Lactarius aurantiacus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).
- LR Hesler & Alexander H. Smith. Pages 553-554: Lactarius aurantiacus. North American species of Lactarius. In: University of Michigan Herbarium Fungus Monographs / quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved September 16, 2011 .
