Orange fox milkling
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Orange fox milkling ( Lactarius fulvissimus ) |
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| Lactarius fulvissimus | ||||||||||||
| Romagn. in Romagn. & Bolder |
The orange-foxed Milchling or Fuchsigbraune Milchling ( Lactarius fulvissimus , Syn . : Lactarius britannicus D.A. Reid ) is a mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives . The medium-sized milkling has a brick to orange-brown hat and lamellae that run down the handle with a tooth. The brim of the hat is usually pale in color and the milk turns pale yellow on a paper handkerchief. The rather rare and edible Milchling grows in deciduous and mixed forests mostly under beeches . The fruiting bodies appear from late summer to autumn.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 4–7 cm wide, obtuse-conical when young, soon flattened and depressed in the middle. Sometimes the hat is deepened slightly funnel-shaped. The surface, which often appears slightly greasy, is smooth when young and later slightly bumpy or veiny-reticent towards the center. The hat is initially dark reddish-brown and later fades more or less towards orange-brown. The smooth to slightly wavy ridged edge is usually pale yellow-orange in color.
The occasionally forked and fairly dense lamellae are whitish when young and increasingly yellowish to orange-yellowish in color. In places they can turn reddish brown. They are broadly attached to the stem or run down with a more or less clear tooth. The lamellar edges are smooth and the spore powder is whitish-yellow to cream-colored.
The cylindrical stem is 3-7 (-9) cm long and 0.5-1.2 cm wide. It is stuffed full to pithy inside. The stem surface is smooth and in young fruiting bodies tinted cream and orange and often with white frost. With age, the stem turns increasingly reddish brown.
The whitish to cream-colored and fairly firm meat tastes mild, but often unpleasant or bitter. The smell reminds a little of the stink umbrella or the oak milkling. The mild, whitish-watery milk often turns a little yellow on a white paper handkerchief.
Microscopic features
The average 6.9–8.2 µm long and 6.1–7.1 µm wide spores are rounded to broadly elliptical. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament is 0.7–1.2 (–1.5) µm high and consists of fine, pointed warts and short, burr-like ribs that are hardly connected in a network. The hillock is inamyloid . The rather clubbed basidia measure 32–60 × 10–13 µm and each carry four sterigms .
The 30–90 µm long and 5–9.5 µm wide pleuromacrocystids are fairly rare to common. They are narrow fusiform to almost cylindrical and more or less pointed at the top. The lamellar edges are sterile or heterogeneous and have few to numerous cheilomacrocystids . These are also spindle-shaped to cylindrical and measure 15–50 × 4–8 µm. They are often deeply embedded in the fruit layer ( hymenium ), making them difficult to find.
The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is an Oedotrichoderm , which consists of round or elongated to multiform cells up to 20 µm wide. From this arise hair-like, more or less upright and protruding, 15–50 µm long and 3–9 µm wide hyphae ends.
Species delimitation
The species in the Mitissimi section are often difficult to distinguish. The orange fox milkling can be confused with the watery milkling ( L. serifluus ) particularly easily . This occurs in comparable locations, but when drying, like the camphor milkling , smells clearly of Maggi wort. It can also be distinguished microscopically by the fact that its lamellae do not contain macrocystids and that its cap skin is structured differently. His spurs also have a more burr-like, networked ornament.
The flutter milkling ( L. tabidus ) can also be similar . However, this milkling usually grows under birch trees in wetlands and also has a yellowing milk. His hat is smaller, thinner and usually fluttered and more reddish-brown in color.
The Milchling is also often confused with the mild Milchling ( L. aurantiacus ). This one differs, however, by its more uniformly colored hat and the broader lamellae that have no tooth running down the stem. In addition, the Milde Milchling is preferred in coniferous forests under spruce trees.
The red-belted wrinkled milkling L. rubrocinctus is also similar .
Ecology and diffusion
The orange fox is a mycorrhizal fungus that mostly forms a symbiosis with the beech . But other deciduous trees, such as oak , linden , poplar and hazelnut , can also serve as hosts. In Central Europe it is also found in rare cases under conifers.
The Milchling occurs mostly in European beech , but also in oak-hornbeam and other mixed deciduous forests. You can often find it in parks too. He likes heavy, more or less loamy soils, which are usually rich in nutrients and bases. The fruiting bodies appear between June and October.
The Milchling is common in Europe and North Africa (Morocco). In Europe it is scattered to rare. In the north, its distribution area extends to the coastal areas of central Sweden.
The Milchling is widespread in Germany and is considered rare in Switzerland. The Milchling can be more local, however.
Systematics
The orange fox milkling L. fulvissimus was described by Romagnesi in 1954 . The species is synonymous with Lactarius ichoratus (Batsch) Fr. , L. subdulcis as defined by Lundell & Nannfeldt and L. rubrocinctus as defined by Neuhoff (1956). The red-belted wrinkled milkling L. rubrocinctus Fr. is, however, an independent species.
Most authors also consider L. britannicus D.A. Reid (Syn .: Lactarius subsericatus Kühner & Romagn .; L. subsericatus f. Pseudofulvissimus Bon (1979)) also for synonymous, while Bon and M. Basso recognize the taxon as an independent species. It should have a stronger reddish brown color, similar to the reddish brown milkling ( L. rufus ) and its milk should turn yellow on a white cloth. The very rare taxon occurs preferentially in mountain coniferous forests under spruce and fir trees. It has seldom been found in southwest Germany.
Inquiry systematics
The species is placed in the Mitissimi section by M. Basso and Bon . The representatives of the section have strong orange to red-brown colored hats and white milk that does not or hardly discolor. The meat tastes mild to pungent or bitter. Heilmann-Clausen places the Milchling in his section Russularia , which unites all more or less red-brown-hatched milklings.
meaning
The orange fox milkling is considered edible, but is usually described as low quality and not very tasty.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 90 .
- ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 64.
- ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 196 (English).
- ↑ a b Lactarius fulvissimus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius fulvissimus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 14, 2011.
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
- ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ]).
- ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 289 ( http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0088/0289.htm cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on October 18, 2012 ; accessed on January 17, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Synonyms of Lactarius fulvissimus. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- Lactarius fulvissimus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).
- Orange fox milkling (Lactarius fulvissimus) - www.natur-in-nrw.de. In: natur-in-nrw.de. Retrieved January 16, 2012 .
