Red-belted wrinkled milkling

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Red-belted wrinkled milkling
Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Red-belted wrinkled milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius rubrocinctus
Fr.

The red-belted wrinkled milkling or red-belted milkling ( Lactarius rubrocinctus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized to large milkling with an orange-brown to ocher-orange hat that becomes radially wrinkled with age or when it is dry. At the tip of the stem it often has a narrow, red-brown colored, ring-shaped zone. The Milchling grows on lime-rich and nutrient-rich soils near European beeches. The fruiting bodies appear from late July to October.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 7–12 cm wide, flatly arched when young, soon spread out to slightly depressed and sometimes deepened almost funnel-shaped. The surface is smooth when young, later increasingly bumpy and radially wrinkled. The middle can be folded almost like a brain. The hat is initially orange to ocher brown, then more reddish brown. The hat is usually pale in color towards the smooth and sharp edge of the hat. The middle of the hat is often spotted dark to black-brown.

The broadly grown to sagging lamellae are cream-colored when young and later pink-brown to reddish-brown, if they are pressed they turn brown-violet. They are often forked and have a smooth edge. The spore powder is whitish-yellow to cream-colored.

The cylindrical, initially spongy and later mostly hollow stem is 3–7 cm long and 0.8–2.5 cm wide. The stem base can be partially tapered. It is colored similar to the hat or paler, light orange-brown when young, later wine-brown and often dotted with dark red-brown. A conspicuous, reddish to dark wine-brown, collar-like zone immediately at the base of the lamella is typical. There the stem is also often slightly striped in continuation of the lamellae.

The pale to cream-colored, fairly firm flesh is reddish brown in color under the hat skin. It smells more or less rubbery or bug-like, similar to the oak milkling ( Lactarius quietus ), although not quite as strong. The taste is mild to bitter and astringent, after prolonged chewing it can also taste a bit spicy. The milk is white and unchangeable. It also tastes mild, but, like meat, often bitter and slightly astringent.

Microscopic features

The spore ornament consists of 0.5–1.0 (–1.2) µm high, burr-like elongated warts and short burr-like ribs, which are connected by finer lines to form a very incomplete, slightly zebra-stripe network. Closed meshes are very rare, while isolated warts are common. The hilly spot is usually inamyloid .

The mostly four-pore and rather club-shaped basidia measure 30–51 × 8–13 µm. Pleuromacrocystidae are quite numerous. They are 60–110 µm long and 49–13.5 µm wide, spindle-shaped, pointed or fairly pointed or constricted like a string of pearls at the upper end. The pleuromacrocystids can rarely also be bifurcated. The lamellar edges are more or less sterile and covered with numerous, spindle-shaped to awl-shaped cheilomacrocystidia that are 25–85 µm long and 5–11 (–13) µm wide. The upper end is pointed or laced like a pearl necklace and sometimes forked.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a hyphoepithelium or a hymenoepithelium , which consists of round to oval or pear-shaped, 10–38 µm long and 10–25 µm wide cells. The hyphae ends are 20–70 µm long and 3.5–10 µm wide and cylindrical to spindle-shaped or sac-shaped to club-shaped. The subpellis is clearly formed and consists of 20–25 (–35) µm wide, round to more or less isodiametric cells.

Species delimitation

The rare Milchling has some quite typical characteristics, so that it can be distinguished from some quite similar species. The rather robust fruit body has an orange-brown, wrinkled hat and lamellae that turn purple-red when ripe. The collar-like, wine-brown ring zone at the tip of the handle is also very typical. Microscopically, the Milchling differs from similar species in the cellular structure of the cap skin, the long macrocystid and the almost isolated warty spores, the ribs of which are not or only very rudimentary network-like.

The orange-foxed milkling ( L. fulvissimus ) is particularly similar , but lacks the ring-like zone at the tip of the stem and its lamellae do not turn purple-red when injured.

ecology

The red-belted wrinkled milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that mainly enters into a partnership with beech. It is found in fresh, more or less calcareous, but nutrient-poor soils in European beech and European beech-fir forests. It rarely grows under scattered beech trees in ash-sycamore-maple-shady slope or hornbeam-oak forests. The fruiting bodies appear solitary to gregarious from late July to October. The Milchling occurs predominantly collinate to eumontane , but does not rise above 900 m above sea level.

distribution

Distribution of the red-belted Wrinkled Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The red-belted wrinkled milkling is a purely European species that is distributed in Europe from submeridional to temperate . Its distribution area corresponds to that of the European beech, its mycorrhizal partner. In southern Europe you can find the species from Spain to Italy to the states of the former Yugoslavia. In addition, the Milchling occurs in France and Central Europe. In the north, it was found in southern Norway and southern Sweden.

In Germany, the species occurs loosely in almost all federal states, but it is extremely rare in many federal states. The Milchling is a little more common in the hills and mountains above Kalk, which is why the species is more widespread in southern Germany. As a result of acidification and eutrophication of the forest soils, stocks have tended to decline for years. Overall, the species is rare to very dispersed in Germany. The Milchling is also rather rare in Switzerland.

Systematics

The Milchling was described in 1863 by Elias Magnus Fries as Lactarius rubrocinctus . In 1891 Kuntze introduced the species as Lactifluus rubrocinctus in its newly defined genus Lactifluus .

Taxonomic synonyms are the taxon Lactarius subsericeus described by Hora in 1960 , the taxon Lactarius iners described by Kühner in 1954 and the taxon Lactarius tithymalinus as defined by Neuhoff and Moser. It should be noted that Neuhoff uses the name Lactarius rubrocinctus for the taxon Lactarius fulvissimus, the orange-foxed milkling . The kind of epithet "rubrocinctus" is derived from rubrus (red) and cingere (ring-like or belt-like enclosing). An indication of the reddish to dark wine-brown, ring-like zone that surrounds the tip of the milkling's stem.

Inquiry systematics

Bon puts the red-belted wrinkled milkling in the Mitissimi section . The representatives are very similar to the representatives of the Subdulces section , but their hats are colored more strongly orange and the white milk does not change color on a white cloth either. Heilmann-Clausen places the Milchling in the Tabidi section, which is in his sub-genus Russularia . In M. Basso the deaf is in the Ichorati section , which is in the subgenus Rhysocybella .

meaning

The Milchling is considered inedible.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Elias Magnus Fries: Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae . Volume 2. Vol. 7, 1863, pp. 176 (Latin, online ).
  2. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 90 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 98.
  4. ↑ a b c Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 202-205 (English).
  5. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 420.
  6. ↑ Lactarius rubrocinctus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius rubrocinctus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  9. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Pars 2. Leipzig 7 London / Paris 1891, p. 856 ( Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  10. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . In: zeno.org . Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  11. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . In: zeno.org . Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  12. ^ Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 564-65, 574-79 (Italian).

Web links

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