Nordic milkling

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nordic milkling
2006-09-09 Lactarius trivialis.jpg

Nordic milkling ( Lactarius trivialis )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Nordic milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius trivialis
( Fr. ) Fr.

The Nordic Milchling ( Lactarius trivialis ) is a fungal art from the family of Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). It is a large to very large milkling with a more or less long and bulbous stem. In young fruit bodies , the indistinctly zoned hat is more or less gray-violet to brown-violet in color and fades to a brownish color with age. The whitish to pale cream-colored milk turns orange-yellow with potassium hydroxide . The Milchling grows in damp to wet locations under spruce or birch. Other names of the Milchling are Blaureizker or Moor-Reizker .

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 6–15 (–25) cm wide and at first flatly arched, later spread out and then depressed to a flat, funnel-shaped recess. The smooth surface is slimy and greasy in damp weather and sticky and shiny with a silver-gray hoop when dry. It is purple-gray to purple-brown in color and often indistinctly zoned or shows concentrically arranged water spots. In old age, the hats pale flesh-brown to pale leather-colored and are then mostly unzoned. The edge remains rolled up for a long time and the hat skin can be peeled off easily.

The lamellas have grown or run down slightly on the stem, they are rather crowded and are initially whitish, but soon pale cream to ocher yellow in color. At injured areas, the lamellae can be spotted pale blue-green from drying milk droplets. The spore powder is pale yellow.

The young cream-colored stalk is 4–10 (–12) cm long and 1–3 cm wide. It is more or less bulbous and often tapered towards the base. In old age it is hollow and dirty, creamy and stained. The stem bark is smooth to finely veined, the dry surface is slightly sticky and moist, slimy.

The rather firm flesh is whitish and can brown slightly when cut. It smells faintly fruity and tastes hot. The milk is white and dries to a yellowish-gray-greenish color. It tastes mild at first and then burning hot and scratchy. With potassium hydroxide, the milk quickly turns orange-yellow.

Microscopic features

The elliptical to broadly elliptical spores are on average 8.4–8.8 µm long and 6.8–7.0 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.2–1.4. The spore ornament consists of 0.5–1 µm burr ribs and isolated, burr-like elongated warts that are only sparsely connected in a network. The Hilarfleck is in the outer region amyloid .

The club-shaped to bulbous basidia measure 43–50 × 9–12 µm and each carry four sterigms . The 47–80 µm long and 8–13 wide pleuromacrocystids are quite numerous and clearly protruding. They are spindle-shaped or lanceolate and blunt or pointed at the tip. The cheilomacrocystidae , which are also numerous, measure 35–56 × 6–10 µm. They are cylindrical to club-shaped or spindle-shaped.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 50–120 µm thick ixocutis that turns into a tangled ixotrichoderm . It consists of parallel hyphae and the resulting upright, more or less wavy, slightly gelatinized, 3–4.5 µm wide hyphae ends with slightly capped tips.

Species delimitation

The Nordic Milchling can easily be confused with other greasy-hatched milklings due to its variable hat color. The cow red Milchling ( L. hysginus ) occurs in comparable locations, but has an orange-brown, often weakly zoned hat and smaller, roundish spores. The darker colored fruiting bodies of the gray pale milkling ( L. albocarneus ) can also be very similar. But with them, the initially white milk turns yellow in the air. In addition, the fungus only grows in fir trees. The Nordic Milchling is closely related to the similarly similar pale Milchling ( L. utilis ). This has a greasier hat and a cylindrical or narrowed handle towards the base. Potash does not turn its milk orange-yellow. The similar gray-spotted milkling ( L. vietus ) is smaller and has a paler stem tip that is not contracted. In addition, its spores are smaller and more strongly ornamented. In addition, older, blown-out specimens can be mistaken for the rarer Heide Milchling ( L. musteus ), because the fruit bodies lack the typical violet tones and the meat no longer tastes hot, but mild due to the sparse milky juice.

ecology

Like all Milchlinge, the Nordic Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus . Its most important host trees are spruce and birch . It is usually found sociable in moors and at the edges of moors, in swamp forests and in spruce or pine moors, and in moist coniferous forests. The fungus needs acidic, nutrient-poor soil. The fruiting bodies appear from July to October. In Germany, the Milchling is usually only found in the mountainous and higher hilly regions; it is particularly common in the moorlands of the foothills of the Alps, which were shaped by the Ice Age.

distribution

Distribution of the Nordic Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The Nordic Milchling is common in North America (USA, Canada, Mexico) and Europe. In Europe it is a "Nordic-montane species" that is particularly widespread in Fennoscandinavia. In Sweden, the northern limit of the distribution area extends to the Tornegean in Lapland. The Milchling is also widespread in East Prussia and White and Northwest Russia, but becomes significantly rarer towards the south and southwest. A second agglomeration area has developed around the Alps and Carpathians in the sub- to high-montane layers. The species is rare in France and very rare in Belgium and the Netherlands.

In Germany the species is widely scattered from Schleswig to the Alpine region. The species is very rare, especially in Thuringia and Saxony, it is only more dense in low mountain ranges south of the Main. In North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Saarland and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania the species is endangered (RL2), in Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Schleswig-Holstein the species is endangered (RL3), only in Bavaria and Lower Saxony is the Milchling safe. In Switzerland and Austria, the fungus is widespread but not common.

Systematics

The Milchling was described by EM Fries in 1815 as Agaricus trivialis . In 1838 he placed the milk in his work Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici in the genus Lactarius , so that it received its current name. The species is synonymous with Lactarius curtus , which was described by Britzelmayr in 1885 and to the form Lactarius vietus f. Described by JELange in 1940 . constans . L. constans Romagn. but is an independent species. Further synonyms are Galorrheus trivialis (Fr.) P. Kumm. (1871) and Lactifluus trivialis (Fr.) Kuntze (1891). The Latin species attribute ( epithet ) trivialis usually means that the Milchling is widespread and common in Frie's homeland, Sweden.

Bon puts the Milchling in the Pyrogali section . The milklings of the section have a greasy, sticky hat and mostly a white, more or less unchangeable and pungent-tasting milk. In M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen, the Milchling is the type of the Trivialini subsection , which is within the Glutinosi section.

meaning

As an edible mushroom

The mushroom is considered inedible in Central Europe because of its pungent taste. In Finland, however, it is commercially the second most important forest mushroom and one of the most popular edible mushrooms. Since the mushroom tastes hot and bitter if left untreated, it must be pretreated by boiling it before preparation. To do this, it is boiled in water for 5 minutes, the bitter substances (mainly sesquiterpenes ) are partially destroyed and released and the mushroom becomes edible. The cooking water should not be used.

In order to preserve the mushroom, it is traditionally salted. Salted mushrooms are desalinated in cold water in the refrigerator overnight before further use. The Milchling is used in Finland for mushroom salads, mushroom farce, baked goods, as a pizza topping, as well as for sauces and soups. It is also possible to freeze the unsalted mushrooms after cooking.

ingredients

Sesquiterpenes isolated from Lactarius trivialis

Like all hot-tasting milklings, the Nordic Milchling contains various sesquiterpenes or their precursors, sesquiterpene esters, in which the sesquiterpenes are esterified with a fatty acid. The sesquiterpene is only released enzymatically when the fungus is damaged. The two heterocyclic Marasman sesquiterpene esters stearoylvelutinal and 6-ketostearoylvelutinal were detected in the Nordic Milchling . In addition, the 5- lactaranolide sesquiterpene lactarorufin A, the 8,9-seco-5-lactaranolide sesquiterpene Blennin C and the furanolactaran sesquiterpene furandiol were detected.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 84 .
  2. ↑ a b Hans E. Laux: The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 202 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 114.
  4. ↑ a b c Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 70-71 (English).
  5. ^ Markus Wilhelm: Lactarius musteus Fr. - Heide-Milchling. (PDF; 119 KB) Retrieved February 27, 2012 .
  6. ↑ a b Lactarius trivialis in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius trivialis. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on December 7, 2015 ; Retrieved September 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  9. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on October 18, 2012 ; accessed on February 26, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  10. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 401.
  11. ↑ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red list and species directory of the Sprödblättler - Russulales - in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF [50 KB]) (No longer available online.) In: lanuv.nrw.de. Ministry of Environment and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, 2009, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved February 25, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  12. ↑ Ewald Langer: Red List of Large Mushrooms in Hessen. (PDF [540 KB]) (No longer available online.) In: sachsen-anhalt.de. Hessian Ministry for Environment, Agriculture and Forests, 2000, formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 25, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hessen.de  
  13. ↑ Dr. Johannes A. Schmitt: Red list of the mushrooms of the Saarland. (PDF [160 KB]) Retrieved February 25, 2012 .
  14. ↑ Jürgen Schwik et al .: RED LIST of the endangered large mushrooms in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. 2nd version. In: uni-reifswald.de. The Ministry of the Environment of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 1999, archived from the original on October 18, 2004 ; Retrieved February 25, 2012 .
  15. ^ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red List of Rhineland-Palatinate. (PDF [50 KB]) (No longer available online.) In: luwg.rlp.de. State Office for the Environment, Water Management and Trade Inspection Rhineland-Palatinate, 2006, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved February 25, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.luwg.rlp.de
  16. ↑ Matthias Lüderitz: The large mushrooms Schleswig-Holstein - Red List. (PDF [880 KB]) Volume 3 Non-leaf mushrooms (Aphyllophorales) Deaf and milk lice (Russulales). In: Umweltdaten.landsh.de. State Office for Nature and the Environment of Schleswig-Holstein, accessed on February 25, 2012 .
  17. ↑ Peter Karasch and Dr. Christoph Hahn: Red list of endangered large mushrooms in Bavaria. (PDF [4.5 MB]) In: lfu.bayern.de. Bavarian State Office for the Environment, 2009, accessed on February 25, 2012 .
  18. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed February 25, 2012 .
  19. ^ Synonyms of Lactarius trivialis. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
  20. ^ Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary. In: zeno.org. Retrieved February 25, 2012 .
  21. ^ Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 133 (Italian).
  22. ↑ Nordic Milchling. (No longer available online.) Arktiset Aromit ry (Arctic flavors), archived from the original on January 27, 2013 ; Retrieved January 27, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.arctic-flavours.fi
  23. ↑ For more information, see Templator on meta. Bug reports and feature requests G. Vidari & P. ​​Vita-Finzi: Sesquiterpenes and Other Secondary Metabolites of Genus Lactarius (Basidiomycetes): Chemistry and Biological Activity . In: Atta-ur-Rahman (Ed.): Studies in Natural Products Chemistry . Vol. 17, 1995, pp. 191, 199 .

Web links

Commons : Nordic Milchling ( Lactarius trivialis )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files