Pale milkling
| Pale milkling | ||||||||||||
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The pale milkling ( Lactarius utilis ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Lactarius utilis | ||||||||||||
| ( Weinm. ) Fr. |
The pale milkling ( Lactarius utilis ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a large Milchling with a slimy, flesh-gray but soon fading hat. The greasy stem is cylindrical or tapered towards the stem base. The inedible Milchling is closely related to the Nordic Milchling, but its milk is not discolored with potassium hydroxide. It is mainly found in the boreal zone of Northern Europe and is associated with spruce or birch.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 6–15 cm wide, initially arched and with a rolled edge, then spread out and slightly to clearly depressed in the middle. Sometimes it is even deepened like a funnel. The surface is smooth, slimy and unzoned. Young specimens are pale flesh-colored to wine-gray or beige, sometimes the middle of the hat is spotted in a sepia color . Later the hat is dark grayish-ocher to gray-ocher with a flesh-ocher border. Old specimens are cream to pink-ocher in color.
The medium- wide , dense and intermingled lamellae have grown broadly on the stem or more or less run down it. They are pale cream to cream in color, thin, soft and sometimes forked near the stem. The spore powder is flesh-ocher in color.
The cylindrical or tapered stem is 5–12 cm long and 1.2–2 cm wide. The smooth surface is sticky, later slightly shiny, whitish or pale cream to cream in color. The young, full stem soon becomes hollow.
The medium-firm meat is white to cream-colored and tastes mild, but becomes slightly spicy after a while. It smells fruity. The white milk does not turn orange-yellow with potassium hydroxide, it is invariable on white paper or turns slightly creamy or grayish in color. It's pretty sparse and tastes a little hotter than the meat.
Microscopic features
The almost round to elliptical spores are on average 8.5–9.3 µm long and 6.9–7.3 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.10–1.35. The spore ornament is 0.5–1 µm high and consists of ribs and isolated, elongated warts. Closed stitches do not occur. The hilly spot is more or less amyloid on the outside .
The 4-spore, sometimes only 2-spore, club-shaped basidia are 40–55 µm long and 11–13 µm wide. The rather numerous protruding pleuromacrocystids are 45–70 µm long and 7–12 µm wide. They are spindle-shaped to lanceolate and usually pointed at the top or sometimes have a small pointed tip. The lamellar edges are sterile and covered with numerous cheilomacrocystids , which are cylindrical to club-shaped or more or less spindle-shaped and measure 25–50 µm × 6–8 µm. Their upper end is mostly blunt. All cystides can be stained with sulfovanillin.
The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 100–250 µm thick ixotrichoderm , which is composed of filamentous, intertwined, 2–3.5 µm wide hyphae . These are septate, branched and even forked. The ends of the hyphae are blunt, slightly head-like or constricted like a string of pearls (moniliform). Below is an ixocutis-like layer of tightly interwoven, strongly gelled hyphae.
Species delimitation
The Pale Milchling can easily be confused with the closely related Nordic Milchling and shares its location with it. It differs from the Nordic Milchling in that it has a slimier hat and the white milk, which does not turn orange-yellow with potassium hydroxide and takes on a pale cream-colored hue on white paper. In the Nordic Milchling, the stem is often bulbous and the tip of the stem is drawn together, while in the Bleached Milchling it is usually cylindrical and tapered at the base.
Another similar species is the pale gray milkling ( L. albocarneus ), which is more associated with spruce and fir trees and tastes very hot. It is a little smaller and has a differently colored hat, the hat skin is also more gelled.
Ecology and diffusion
The Milchling is distributed almost exclusively in the boreal region of Northern Europe, but the distribution is not yet fully understood, as the Milchling is often not differentiated from the very similar Nordic Milchling.
The Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with birch and spruce. It is found in spruce and spruce-birch forests, mostly in the middle of moss cushions and blueberry bushes ( Vaccinium ). The fruiting bodies appear between August and September.
Systematics
The Milchling was collected by JA Weinmann in Karelia (Russia) and scientifically described for the first time in 1836 as Agaricus utilis . In 1838 Fries placed it in the genus Lactarius so that it received its current name. Lactifluus utilis (Weinm.) Kuntze (1891) is a taxonomic synonym .
The pale Milchling is also closely related to the Hexed Milchling ( L. fascinans ). If both species are of the same species, as Moser suspects, the epithet fascinans takes precedence. However, Heilmann-Clausen is of the opinion that L. utilis and Agaricus fascinans in the sense of Fries (1821) are two different species, and that L. fascinans in the sense of Neuhoff (1956) and Moser is also a different species is.
Inquiry systematics
M. Basso places the Milchling in the Pallidini subsection , while Heilmann-Clausen assigns it to the Trivialini subsection . Both subsections are within the Glutinosi section . The representatives of the Pallidini subsection have zoned or unzoned, brown, purple-brown or reddish-brown hats, a more or less unchanging, whitish milk and a sticky to greasy hat skin. The hat skin is an ixocutis or an ixotrichoderm.
meaning
The Milchling is considered inedible in Central Europe. However, Weinmann already writes that the mushroom is eagerly collected by the locals (Karelia, Russia). It can be assumed that the Milchling is still collected in Finland and Northern Russia together with the very similar Nordic Milchling and used in the kitchen after pre-treatment like this.
swell
Individual evidence
- ^ Synonyms of Lactarius utilis. (Weinm.) Fr., monogr. Hymenomyc. Suec. (Upsaliae) 2 (2): 159 (1863). In: SpeciesFungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved November 2, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 159, 181-85 .
- ↑ a b c d e Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 72-73 .
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed November 4, 2012 .
- ^ Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne and Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann, Henning Knudsen. tape 6 . Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, ISBN 978-87-635-1277-0 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37-59 .
- ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Lactarius utilis. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; Retrieved November 2, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 271-73 .
- ^ A b Johann Anton Weinmann: Hymeno- et Gastro-mycetes hucusque in imperio rossico observatos . 1836, p. 43 ( google books ).
- ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 337 ( online ).
- ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Pars 2. Leipzig / London / Paris 1891, p. 857 ( Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 .
Web links
- Lactarius utilis. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved November 2, 2012 (English, photos and original Latin description).
- Lactarius utilis. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on November 2, 2012 (Italian, good photos of the Bleichen Milchling).