Gray-spotted milkling

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Gray-spotted milkling
2007-08-15 Lactarius vietus (Fr.) Fr 71477 crop.jpg

Gray-spotted milkling ( Lactarius vietus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Gray-spotted milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius vietus
Fr. Fr.

The gray-spotted or wilted milkling ( Lactarius vietus ) is a type of fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized milkling with a greasy gray-violet to brown-violet hat and white milk that turns gray-green on the lamellae. The tip of the handle below the lamellae is often whitish. The Milchling grows in nutrient-poor, moist locations under birch trees. The fruiting bodies are usually found in bogs from August to November, where they grow directly in peat moss cushions. The Milchling is not edible because of its hot milk.

features

View of the underside of the hat of the gray-spotted milkling ( Lactarius vietus ) with the lamellae

Macroscopic features

The hat is 2.5–7.5 (–10) cm wide, at first flat arched, later flattened and depressed in the middle. In old age it can also be deepened in a funnel shape. The middle of the hat often has a small hump or an indicated papilla. The skin of the hat is a bit sticky when wet, but soon dries off and is then dull and more or less white frosted. The hat is colored pale violet-gray, violet-brown or brown-pink and not or only indistinctly zoned. The colors later fade, but the edge zone remains flesh red for a long time. The edge, which has been curved in for a long time, is often bent wavy with age.

The rather crowded and not very forked lamellae have grown broadly on the stem or run down briefly. They are whitish when young and later cream-ocher in color and have a light orange shimmer. They become gray-brown spots at pressure points. The lamellar edges are smooth and the spore powder is whitish to cream-colored.

The usually slender and cylindrical stem is 3–8 cm long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide and soon becomes hollow. It is cream-flesh-colored to dirty light-ocher-colored and mostly pale in color than the hat. There is a lighter, whitish zone at the tip of the stem directly under the lamellae. The surface is smooth to weakly longitudinally and frosted white when young.

The hot-tasting milk is white and slowly dries gray-green to gray-brown. The meat is white and almost odorless and only tastes mild after a few seconds.

Microscopic features

The round to elliptical spores are on average 7.9–8.5 µm long and 6.5–6.7 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.4. The spore ornament is up to 1 µm high and consists of isolated individual warts and burr-like ribs, most of which are connected like a network. The hilarity is more or less amyloid in the outer area .

The club-shaped to bulbous basidia measure 40–55 × 9–11 µm and are partly two, but mostly four-pore. The pleuromacrocystids are scattered to numerous and measure 50–115 × 7–12 µm. They are narrow, bottle-shaped to lanceolate and usually pointed at the top. The lamellar edges are usually sterile and have numerous, cylindrical, spindle-shaped or awl-shaped cheilomacrocystids that are 27–55 µm long and 4–7 µm wide.

The cap skin is an ixocutis , which consists mainly of parallel hyphae but also partly of ascending, 1–5 µm wide hyphae or hyphae fragments. All hyphae are gelatinized.

Species delimitation

The pale coconut flake milkling ( L. glyciosmus ) is a doppelganger , but it smells noticeably of coconut.

The violet to flesh-brown and heavily peeling cap, the gray-green drying, hot milk and the pale, ring-like zone at the tip of the stem are quite good, macroscopic characteristics to differentiate the gray-spotted milkling from similar and closely related species.

The very rare, odorless hunched milkling ( L. pilatii ) has a dark brown colored and hunched hat and slightly narrower spores. He is also a birch companion.

The gray-spotted milkling can also be confused with the blown-out forms of the Nordic milkling ( L. trivialis ), which grows in spruce trees, but can also be found in birch trees. In contrast to the gray-spotted milkling, this one has a very slimy hat and larger spores. Its milk turns orange-yellow with potassium hydroxide .

The pale coconut flake milkling ( L. glyciosmus ) can sometimes look similar. You can easily recognize it by its pleasant smell of coconut flakes. All other milklings with greenish discolouring milk have different colored and mostly darker fruit bodies. The gray pale Milchling ( L. albocarneus ) has a similarly colored hat, but is also much more slimy and has a milk that turns sulfur yellow. It is mainly found under fir trees.

ecology

The gray-spotted milkling is a birch companion that populates wet locations with peat moss.

The gray-spotted milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus and a strict companion to birch trees. It is mainly found in moors and on wet marshmallow meadows on low-base and nutrient-poor, moist soils. However, it can also grow on somewhat drier soils and can therefore also be found in mixed oak-birch forests or in spruce forests under interspersed birch trees. The fruiting bodies often appear directly in peat moss cushions from mid-August to late November. It is mainly found in the hills and mountains.

distribution

Distribution of the gray-spotted milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The gray-spotted milkling is a species of fungus with a Holarctic distribution that has been found in North Asia (Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan, Korea), North America (Canada, USA), North Africa (Morocco) and in Europe. In Europe, its distribution area includes the submeridional, temperate and boreal zones and extends into the arctic-alpine zone. The Milchling is rare in southern Europe, scattered to widespread in France and the Benelux countries, while it is particularly common in the north of Great Britain and throughout Fennoscandinavia. To the north, it is found in the Swedish Lapland. Although the fungus is widespread in Central Europe, it is not very common and can be completely absent in larger areas.

The Milchling is also widespread in Germany and occurs in all federal states, but the Milchling, which is predominantly tied to bogs, is declining sharply in Germany. In Hesse, Saarland and Saxony-Anhalt, the Milchling is considered endangered, in Baden-Württemberg even as endangered. The Milchling is common in Switzerland, but not often.

Systematics

The Milchling was first described as Agaricus vietus by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fies in 1821 . In 1838 he placed it in the genus Lactarius , so that it got its current name. Nomenclatory synonyms are Galorrheus vietus (Fr.) P. Kummer (1871) and Lactifluus vietus (Fr.) Kuntze (1891). The species Lactarius paludestris , described by Max Britzelmayr in 1894, is considered a taxonomic synonym. The Latin attribute of species ( epithet ) means withered or shriveled.

Inquiry systematics

Bon places the gray-spotted milkling in the Vieti subsection , which he and his Pyrogalini subsection are in the Tristes section. The representatives of the subsection have slimy to sticky hats and a milk that turns gray or brown in the air and dries in spots on the lamellae. At M. Basso and Clausen-Heilmann, the Milchling is in the Pyrogalini subsection , which in turn is in the Glutinosi section.

meaning

The hot-tasting Milchling is not an edible mushroom.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Eric Strittmatter: Lactarius vietus. In: Fungiworld.com. Retrieved March 20, 2012 .
  2. ^ Synonyms of Lactarius vietus. (Fr.) Fr., Epicr. syst. mycol. (Upsaliae): 344 (1838). In: Index Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved March 19, 2012 .
  3. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 94 .
  4. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 202 .
  5. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 402.
  6. ↑ a b Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Pilze . tape 1 : Lamellar fungi, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellae. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 293 .
  7. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 118.
  8. ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 58-59 .
  9. ↑ a b Lactarius vietus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  10. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius vietus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 14, 2011.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  11. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 .
  12. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 578 kB ]).
  13. ↑ Grid map of Lactarius vietus. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on March 9, 2012 (English).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / data.nbn.org.uk  
  14. ↑ Ewald Langer: Red List of Large Mushrooms in Hessen. (PDF; 540 kB) (No longer available online.) In: sachsen-anhalt.de. Hessian Ministry for Environment, Agriculture and Forests, 2000, formerly in the original ; Retrieved March 9, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hessen.de  
  15. ↑ Dr. Johannes A. Schmitt: Red list of the mushrooms of the Saarland. (PDF; 160 kB) Accessed March 19, 2012 .
  16. ↑ Ula daily: Red list of the large mushrooms of the state of Saxony-Anhalt. (PDF; 200 kB) In: sachsen-anhalt.de. 2004, accessed March 19, 2012 .
  17. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 126 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  18. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Pars 2. Leipzig 7 London / Paris 1891, p. 856-7 ( Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  19. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . In: zeno.org . Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  20. ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 125-130 .

Web links

Commons : Graufleckender Milchling ( Lactarius vietus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius vietus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin description).
  • Lactarius vietus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Graufleckenden Milchling).
  • Roger Phillips: Lactarius vietus. In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, accessed June 20, 2011 .