Dark coral milkling
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Dark coral milkling ( Lactarius romagnesii ) |
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The dark coral milkling ( Lactarius romagnesii ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized to large milkling with an almost black-brown, wrinkled hat and wide, creamy to ocher-yellow lamellas standing away from it. The meat turns pink-salmon-colored when cut and tastes more or less mild. But its milk remains unchanged white without contact with the meat. The Milchling grows mainly in neutral to calcareous beech forests. It is also called dark brown beech milkling or black brown milkling .
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 5–8 (11) cm wide, arched when young, later flattened and depressed in the middle. In the middle of the hat it sometimes has an indicated hump. In old age, the hat is deepened in a funnel shape and often bent into a wavy shape. The surface is smooth, matt to fine velvety and when young, full of tobacco to dark black-brown in color and often tinted red-brown to wine-reddish. Later the hat is paler and spotted lighter in places. The edge is smooth and sometimes grooved with age.
The rather wide lamellae, which are at a distance, are cream-colored when young and later dark-ocher in color. They are not forked or only sparsely bifurcated and bulged up to wide on the stem or run down slightly. The spore powder is ocher in color and slightly reddish in color.
The cylindrical and sometimes slightly tapered stalk is 4–8 (10) cm long and 1–2.5 (3) cm wide. It is full at first but soon becomes hollow. The surface is smooth, smoky brown and mostly lighter to whitish in color at the tip and base.
The rather firm flesh is cream to ocher in color and turns pink to salmon red after about an hour when cut. It smells faintly of oak milkling or haddock and tastes mild at first, then bitter to pungent. The white and more or less mild-tasting milk remains unchanged white without contact with the meat.
Microscopic features
The spores are round to broadly elliptical and on average 8.0–8.7 µm long and 7.0–7.4 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.0–1.2. The spore ornament is up to 2.5 µm high and consists of a few, mostly irregular and elongated warts, as well as more or less branched ribs, which are only sparsely connected in a network. The hillock is sometimes amyloid on the outside .
The slender, mostly 4-spore basidia are 45–65 µm long and 10–13 µm wide. Pleurocystidae and macrocystidae are absent. The lamellar edges are sterile and covered with numerous, diverse paracystidia that are 40–80 µm long and 5–9 µm wide. They are hyaline and quite thick-walled at their tip.
The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is an 80–120 µm thick hymenoepithelium made up of upright and protruding, cylindrical to clubbed 15–40 µm long and 4–7 µm wide hyphae ends . The subpellis is pseudoparenchymatic and consists of more or less rounded, 10–39 µm wide cells that are usually strung together in a chain. The cells in the top layer contain an intracellular pigment.
Species delimitation
The closely related Pitch Black Milchling ( L. picinus ) looks quite similar, but grows in mountain coniferous forests and usually has a darker colored hat.
The soot-colored milkling ( L. fuliginosus ) is also very similar . It was not for nothing that the Danish mycologist JELange described the dark coral milkling as L. fuliginosus forma speciosus in 1928 . Both species occur in comparable locations and can only really be differentiated from one another with a microscope. While the spores of the soot-colored milkling are ornamented like a net and the spore ornament is up to 1.5 µm high, the dark coral milkling has spores whose warts and ribs are up to 2.5 µm high. The hat skin of the two species is also constructed somewhat differently. In nature you can best recognize the dark coral milkling by the fact that its milk pulls rubber-like threads when you touch it.
ecology
The dark coral milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that grows in deciduous forests, especially in beech forests on neutral to moderately alkaline and nutrient-rich soils. The fruiting bodies appear solitary to gregarious from July to September.
distribution
The dark coral milkling was found in North America (USA, Canada) and Europe. The rare Täubling is mainly found in Western (France, Belgium and England) and Central Europe. The Milchling, which is bound to lime-rich beech forests, occurs only in the extreme south of Scandinavia and reaches the northern limit of its distribution area in northern Denmark. The Milchling is rare in Germany and Switzerland.
Systematics
The species was first identified in 1928 by the Danish mycologist JE Lange as Lactarius fuliginosus f. speciosus , i.e. as a mere form of the soot-colored milkling. In 1949 Romagnesi describes the taxon as a variety of the pitch black milkling ( L. picinus var. Speciosus ), before describing it as an independent species for the first time in 1956 under the name L. speciosus . In doing so, however, he violated Article 53.1 of the ICBN , which states that a species name is illegitimate if it is written exactly like an older name that is based on a different type and that was previously validly published. In this case it is Lactarius speciosus Burl. , a Milchling described by G. Burlingham in 1908 . Finally, in 1979, the Milchling was validly described by M. Bon as L. romagnesii . In 2008 A. Favre downgraded it as Lactarius ruginosus var. Speciosus to the variety of the light coral milkling , so that the milkling has now been assigned to a total of four different species within the Plinthogali section . This shows how closely related and how similar the species are within this section.
Also in L. fuliginosus within the meaning of Neuhoff (1956) is part of the Dark Coral Milchling and L. ruginosus within the meaning of Wilhelm (1984) applicable to that type.
Inquiry systematics
Bon puts the dark coral milkling in the Fuliginosi section , while M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen put it in the Plinthogali section , which, however, corresponds to the Fuliginosi section . The representatives of the section have milk coffee-brown, brown to sooty black-brown, often wrinkled hats. The hyphae ends of the top layer of the hat are next to each other in the form of a palisade, so that the surface of the hat appears velvety. The meat and / or milk turn pink to reddish brown, the spore powder is ocher in color.
meaning
Despite its predominantly mild taste, the Milchling is usually described as inedible.
swell
- Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 (English).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 96 .
- ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 234-35 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 96.
- ↑ Jan Holec & Miroslav Beran: Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic. (PDF; 404 kB) In: wsl.ch. 2007, accessed October 29, 2012 .
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius romagnesii . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 14, 2011.
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
- ^ Lactarius romagnesii. Pilzoek database, accessed October 29, 2012 .
- ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 637, 674 (Italian).
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 (English).
- ^ Synonyms of Lactarius romagnesii. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
Web links
- Lactarius romagnesii. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).
- Lactarius romagnesii. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, good photos of the dark coral milkling).