Soot-colored milkling

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Soot-colored milkling
Lactarius fuliginosus.jpg

Soot-colored milkling ( Lactarius fuliginosus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Soot-colored milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius fuliginosus
( Fr. ) Fr.

The soot-colored milkling ( Lactarius fuliginosus ) is a species of fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized milkling with a velvety, gray-brown hat, the flesh of which turns pink when injured. You can find the Milchling from August to October in more or less nutrient-rich red beech forests or, more rarely, in spruce forests. The Milchling is inedible because of its sharp and bitter taste. It is also called sooty or soot- stalked milkling .

features

Macroscopic features

The lamellae are cream-ocher when ripe and the stem at the base and below the lamellae are often lighter in color.

The thin-fleshed hat is 4–8 (10) cm wide, almost hemispherical when young, later arched to expanded and deepened more or less funnel-shaped with age. The matt or velvety to deerskin-like surface is colored nut brown, umber or dark gray, but never completely black. Usually the hat is more or less one color, but sometimes it also has smaller, darker spots. The edge is long and smooth, sometimes slightly notched with age.

The often forked lamellae are initially cream-colored, later cream-ocher. They are moderately crowded to slightly distant and are broadly attached to the stem or run down slightly, their edges are smooth.

The cylindrical stem is 3–5 (8) cm long and 0.8–1.5 (2) cm wide. It is full when young, but it soon becomes hollow and hollow. The surface is smooth, matt and light gray-brown and colored almost like the hat. It is sometimes lighter in color towards the tip and base, sometimes it also has a slightly olive tint, and young fruiting bodies are usually a little lighter in color than the hat.

When cut, the whitish flesh turns salmon pink from the base of the stem within 2–4 minutes, but never as vividly carmine red as is typical for the pinkish milkling. The smell is weak and inconspicuous, the taste is initially mild, then pungent and often bitter and astringent. The whitish milk only reddens in connection with the meat. It tastes mild at first, then bitter and after 5–10 seconds pungent to hot.

Microscopic features

The broadly elliptical to rounded spores are on average 8.1–8.4 µm long and 7.1–7.6 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.0–1.2. The spore ornament is up to 1.0 (1.5) µm high and consists mainly of a few individual, irregularly shaped warts and jagged ridged ribs, most of which are connected like a network. The hillock is at least in the outer part, but often almost completely amyloid .

The cylindrical to club-shaped basidia measure 40–60 × 8–12 µm and have four pores. There are no pleural and macro cystids , the lamellar edges are sterile and covered with numerous, thin-walled, translucent, spindle-shaped to multi-shaped paracystids . These are 25–55 µm long and 5–7 µm wide.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 50–100 µm thick trichoepithelium . The cylindrical hyphae ends are 20–60 µm long and 5–8 µm wide. The lower cutaneous layer (subpellis) is 10–20 µm thick and pseudoparenchymatic . It consists of more or less rounded cells. Sometimes there is an additional layer of cylindrical cells between the end cells and the rounded or isodiametric cells. The cells of the upper layers contain a brown pigment intracellularly.

Species delimitation

The species of the Plinthogali section (coral milklings) to which the soot-colored milkling belongs are not always easy to distinguish. The smoke-colored milkling ( L. azonites ) that is close by and occurs in comparable locations looks very similar. However, this has an irregularly bent, thicker and usually lighter hat and a stem that is significantly lighter in color than the hat and which is sometimes even completely white. In addition, its lamellae are often connected across veins and the meat reddens faster.

If the soot-colored milkling grows in the coniferous forest, it could also be confused with the pitch-black milkling ( L. picinus ), whose fruiting bodies are much darker to almost black in color. In addition, its hat and stem have a more velvety surface and the lamellae are more compact and are almost white in color in young fruiting bodies.

The dark brown beech milkling ( L. romagnesii ), which many authors consider synonymous, is also very similar . Both types occur in comparable locations and can only be safely distinguished with a microscope. In the soot-colored milkling, the spore ornament is at most 1.5 µm high, while in the dark brown beech milkling it is up to 2.5 µm high. The hat skin is also structured differently in both mushrooms. You can recognize the dark brown beech milkling in nature by the fact that its milk pulls rubber-like threads when you touch it.

ecology

The soot-colored milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that primarily forms a symbiotic partnership with red beech, and more rarely with spruce. Very rarely, other conifers, birch, hazelnut or oak can also serve as hosts.

The Milchling is a type of the preferably mesophilic , native beech forests. He prefers more or less fresh, base-poor to base-rich, weak to moderately nutritious brown earth. Sometimes you can find it together with beech and / or spruce in hornbeam, oak, deciduous forests or forests. The fruiting bodies usually appear from late July to late October.

distribution

Distribution of the soot-colored milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The soot-colored milkling was found in North Asia (Japan), North Africa (Morocco), North America (USA) and Europe. In Europe, the Milchling is widespread, but rather rare. In the west it occurs in France, the Benelux countries and Great Britain. In the Benelux countries it is seldom to very rare, in Great Britain and Ireland it is widespread, but with different densities and only rarely, especially on the Irish island. The Milchling has also been found in all countries in Central Europe, but is nowhere common. In the north it is said to be rare in Fennoscandinavia and Estonia overall, but can occur more frequently locally. In Norway it is widespread in the north to the North Cape and in Sweden to southern Lapland.

In Germany, the Milchling is widespread from the coast to the Alps, but overall rare. In North Rhine-Westphalia and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania the Milchling is on the red list (RL3). The soot-colored milkling is somewhat more common in Austria and widespread in Switzerland, but also not common.

Systematics

The Russbraune Milchling was described by Karl von Krapf as Agaricus fuliginosus in 1782 and sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries in his work Systema Mycologicum in 1821 . In 1838 Fries placed it in the genus Lactarius in his work " Epicrisis systematis mycologici " , so that it got its scientific name, which is valid today. Lactifluus fuliginosus (Fr .: Fr.) Kuntze (1891) and Galorrheus fuliginosus (Krapf) P. Kummer (1871) are two nomenclature synonyms .

The name Lactarius fuliginosus has also been misinterpreted by some authors and referred to other taxa. Thus, L. fuliginosus in the sense of Bresadola , L. fuliginosus var. Montanus Neuhoff and L. fuliginosus ssp. picinus (Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. on L. picinus , the pitch black Milchling and Lactarius fuliginosus f. speciosus J.E. Lange and partly also L. fuliginosus in the sense of Neuhoff (1956) on Lactarius romagnesii Bon , the dark brown beech milkling, a taxon that some authors consider synonymous with Lactarius fuliginosus . Many authors also consider the taxon Lactarius azonites to be synonymous.

The Latin species attribute ( epithet ) fuliginosus can be translated as “full of soot” or “sooty” and, like the German name, refers to the soot-like color of the Milchling.

Inquiry systematics

Bon puts the sooty milkling in the Fuliginosi section , Heilmann-Clausen and Basso put the milkling in the Plinthogali section , which is part of the Plinthogalus sub-genus . The coral milklings, as the representatives of the section or sub-genus are also called, have a white milk that turns pink or reddish brown in the air. Their hats are milk coffee brown, brown to sooty black-brown and mostly more or less velvety.

Varieties

L. fuliginosus var. Albipes Lge. ex M. Bon , in contrast to the type, has a white colored stem and grows in the oak forest. Today it is assigned to the smoke-colored milkling L. azonites .

meaning

The soot-colored Milchling is not an edible mushroom.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 96 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 64.
  3. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 378.
  4. ↑ a b c Jacob Heilmann-Clausen u. a .: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 244-245 (English).
  5. ↑ Hermann Jahn: Mushrooms all around: Soot-colored milk ling. (PDF; 6.1 MB) In: pilzbriefe.de. Westfälische Mushroom Letters, p. 164 [No. 214] , accessed on June 24, 2011 (very good mushroom guide).
  6. ↑ Lactarius fuliginosus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius fuliginosus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved September 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen u. a .: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  9. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the macromycetes of Central Balkan Mountain (Bulgaria) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  10. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  11. ↑ a b Kuulo Kalamees: Checklist of the species of the genus Lactarius (Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia . In: Folia Cryptogamica Estonica . tape 44 , p. 63-74 ( ut.ee [PDF; 616 kB ]). ut.ee ( Memento of the original from December 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ut.ee
  12. ↑ a b Grid map of Lactarius fuliginosus. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved May 23, 2012 .
  13. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on October 18, 2012 ; accessed on March 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  14. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Lactarius fuliginosus. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 23, 2012 .
  15. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Lactarius fuliginosus. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved May 23, 2012 .
  16. ↑ Reporting system for vekster: Lactarius fuliginosus. (No longer available online.) In: artsobservasjoner.no. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012 ; Retrieved May 23, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artsobservasjoner.no
  17. ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Lactarius fuliginosus. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; Retrieved May 23, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
  18. ↑ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red list and species directory of the Sprödblättler - Russulales - in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF; 50 kB) (No longer available online.) In: lanuv.nrw.de. Ministry of Environment and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, 2009, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved May 23, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  19. ↑ Jürgen Schwik et al .: RED LIST of the endangered large mushrooms in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. 2nd version. In: uni-reifswald.de. The Ministry of the Environment of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 1999, archived from the original on October 18, 2004 ; Retrieved May 23, 2012 .
  20. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on May 23, 2012 .
  21. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . tape I . Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  22. ↑ Lactarius fuliginosus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013 ; Retrieved May 22, 2012 .
  23. ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon (=  Fungi Europaei . Band 7 ). 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 637-640, 653-657 (Italian).
  24. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: fuliginosus . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 3108 ( zeno.org ).
  25. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen u. a .: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 (English).
  26. ↑ Russulales News / Lactarius fuliginosus f. albipes. In: mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013 ; Retrieved May 22, 2012 .

Web links

Commons : Soot-colored Milchling ( Lactarius fuliginosus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files