Smoke-colored milkling

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Smoke-colored milkling
2012-10-09 Lactarius azonites (Bull.) Fr 270575.jpg

Smoke-colored milkling ( Lactarius azonites )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Smoke-colored milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius azonites
( Bull. ) Ms.

The Smoke-colored Milchling ( Lactarius azonites ) is a fungal art from the family of Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized to large milkling whose milk and meat turn pink and whose lamellae are more or less cross-veined. His hat is typically pale suede or smoky gray to gray-brown in color and irregularly bent. The stem is whitish. The fruiting bodies of the inedible milkling appear from June to October under oaks or beeches .

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 5–9 (–10) cm wide, when young, obtuse-conical, later spread out and somewhat depressed in the middle. Overall, it is usually bent irregularly. The surface is smooth, dry and matt and, under a magnifying glass, it is fine and velvety. The hat is colored pale milk coffee brown to smoke gray, with mostly brown tones playing a role. The hat is often speckled on a creamy yellow background, more or less piebald-smoky-gray to gray-brown-cloudy. The smooth edge is usually cream-colored, curved downwards when young and later sharp-edged.

The very irregular and often cross-veined lamellae are whitish when young and later yellowish ocher. They stand moderately crowded (10–15 per cm of hat edge), are sometimes forked, thin (3–4 mm high) and broadly attached to the stem or run down slightly. The edges are smooth.

The 4–6 (–7) cm long and 1–1.5 cm wide stem is whitish and clearly lighter in color than the hat. It is more or less cylindrical and often tapers towards the base of the stem. The inside of the stem is full to pithy and hollow. At pressure points, the stem can darken reddish brown, so that it usually appears a bit dirty with age.

The flesh is white, but when cut it begins to turn orange-pink after 1–2 minutes. The discoloration is clearly visible after approx. 5 minutes. The meat smells pleasantly fruity to sour and tastes more or less mild. The abundant, white milk remains white with no connection to the meat, but forms salmon-orange droplets on the lamellae. It tastes more or less mild, but unpleasant (according to Krieglsteiner, very hot after a few seconds). Potassium hydroxide cannot discolour milk.

Microscopic features

The round to rather rounded spores are on average 8.0–8.6 micrometers long and 7.4–7.8 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.0–1.1. The spore ornament is up to 1.5 (–2) µm high and consists of a few isolated warts and burr, sometimes almost winged ribs, some of which are connected like a network. The hilar stain is or is completely amyloid in the outer area , but sometimes only weak.

The clubbed to bulbous basidia measure 50–65 × 13–15 µm and are 4-spore. There are no pleural and macro cystids . The sterile lamellar cutting edges have cylindrical to wavy, spindle-shaped or bottle-shaped paracystids . These are thin-walled and translucent, 25–50 µm long and 5–9 µm wide.

The cap skin is a hyphoepithelium to trichoepithelium . It consists of a thin layer of parallel, 3–5 µm wide hyphae as well as protruding, cystidoidal, 3–9 µm wide, club-like to heady hyphae ends. Underneath this layer ( subpellis ) there are often round to pear-shaped cells arranged in a chain, about 12-30 µm long and 9-22 µm wide. The hyphae cells of the upper cell layer contain a brown pigment intracellularly.

Species delimitation

The smoke-colored milkling is easy to recognize by its more or less whitish handle, the irregularly shaped hat and the quickly pinkish discoloring flesh. The soot-colored milkling ( L. fuliginosus ) looks very similar. The smoke-colored Milchling, however, has irregular, cross-veined lamellae and a differently shaped, whitish stem. The spores and the spore ornamentation of the two Milchling are similar, but the ribs of the smoke-colored Milchling are somewhat more regular and less incompletely networked than that of the soot-colored Milchling. In the latter case, the top layer of the capillary skin is formed by lying hyphae. Without microscopic examination, the milkling can easily be confused with the winged milkling ( L. pterosporus ), especially since both species can often be found close together in the same location.

ecology

The smoke-colored milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that primarily forms a partnership with oak and red beech . In southern Europe it also grows on chestnuts. Presumably other deciduous trees such as hazel can also be used as hosts. The milklings can be found in deciduous forests and here especially in various beech forest communities, such as woodruff , barley-beech and beech-fir forests as well as in oak-hornbeam forests . It is rarely found in lime-rich sedge and sour beech forests , in the latter mostly only in areas with a higher base content, for example in the area of ​​influence of gravel roadsides. Together with European beeches, the Milchling occasionally occurs in ash-sycamore-maple forests. You can also find it in parks under oaks and beeches.

The fungus likes more or less fresh, neutral to basic soils that are only moderately rich in nutrients and contain little nitrogen . The Milchling usually occurs over lime or calcareous marls and clays, but it is also found over basalt, loess and base-containing brown earths and silicates. The fruiting bodies appear from June to the end of October and are sometimes found in early November. The Milchling prefers the hilly and lower mountains.

distribution

Distribution of the Rauchfarbene Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The smoke-colored milkling is probably a purely European species. It is very questionable whether evidence from Malaysia can really be assigned to the European species. The Milchling occurs in France, the Benelux countries and Great Britain (excluding Northern Ireland). It is also widespread throughout Central Europe, with some outposts reaching as far as Hungary. The Milchling is also found in southern Fennoscandinavia and, according to Krieglsteiner, in the Baltic states. In Eastern Europe, the species was found in Russia and Belarus.

In Germany the species is scattered to rare from the Alps to the North German Plain and Schleswig-Holstein. In Saxony the species is endangered and in North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein it is even endangered. The Milchling is common in Austria and Switzerland, but not often.

Systematics

The smoke-colored Milchling was described as Agaricus azonites by Jean Baptiste François Bulliard in 1791 . In 1838 Elias Magnus Fries placed the species in his epochal work "Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici" in the genus Lactarius , so that it was given its current name. The form Lactarius fuliginosus f, described by the Danish mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1928, is considered a taxonomic synonym . albipes , which was promoted to a variety by Marcel Bon in 1980 .

Inquiry system

The smoke-colored milk ling is described by Bon, Maria Teresa Basso and Jacob Heilmann-Clausen et al. placed in the section Plinthogali , which in turn is in the subgenus Plinthogalus . The representatives of the section have hats with a fine, velvety, often wrinkled hat surface, as the hat skin ( Pileipellis ) consists of palisade-shaped hyphae cells. The meat and / or milk will turn pink or reddish brown.

Varieties and forms

The variety albipes , separated from Bon in 1980 and assigned to L. fuliginosus , is not recognized by most mycologists. The variety is said to have a stalk that remains white and higher ridges on the spores than the type variety. Within the species only a pure white form virgineus (Lange) Verbeken 1998 is recognized as an independent taxon. It is slightly smaller than the type and has a whitish hat about 5 cm wide, which is pale brownish in the middle. The lamellae are also white and only slowly turn cream. The taxon is synonymous with L. fuliginosus f. virgineus J.E. Lange (1928) and L. virgineus (JE Lange) J. Blum ex Bon 1980. It has the same ecology as the type form and often grows together with it.

meaning

Despite its mostly mild taste, the Milchling is described as inedible.

swell

  1. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici. Seu synopsis hymenomycetum . Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 343 (Latin, books.google.de ).
  2. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 45.
  3. ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius. Fungi of Northern Europe . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. tape 2 , 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 238-241 (English).
  4. ^ A b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 377.
  5. ↑ a b Lactarius azonites in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 12, 2011: "Lactarius azonites"
  6. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius azonites . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 14, 2011.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  7. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius. Fungi of Northern Europe . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. tape 2 , 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-273 (English).
  8. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  9. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  10. ↑ Kuulo Kalamees: Checklist of the species of the genus Lactarius (Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia . In: Folia Cryptogamica Estonica . tape 44 , 2008, p. 63-74 ( ut.ee [PDF]). ut.ee ( Memento of the original from December 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ut.ee
  11. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany: Lactarius azonites. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved February 29, 2012 .
  12. ↑ H.-J. Hardtke & P. ​​Otto: Red list and species list of Saxony's mushrooms. (PDF) In: smul.sachsen.de. Saxon State Office for Environment and Geology, 1999, accessed on February 29, 2012 .
  13. ↑ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red list and species directory of the Sprödblättler - Russulales - in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF; 50 kB) (No longer available online.) In: lanuv.nrw.de. Ministry of Environment and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, 2009, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved February 29, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  14. ↑ Matthias Lüderitz: The large mushrooms Schleswig-Holstein - Red List. (PDF [880 kB]) Volume 3 Non-leaf mushrooms (Aphyllophorales) Deaf and milk lice (Russulales). In: Umweltdaten.landsh.de. State Office for Nature and the Environment of Schleswig-Holstein, 2001, accessed on February 29, 2012 .
  15. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on February 29, 2012 .
  16. ↑ a b c d Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 644-653 (Italian).
  17. ↑ Lactarius azonites. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007 ; Retrieved March 2, 2012 .

Web links

Commons : Rauchfarbener Milchling ( Lactarius azonites )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Synonyms of Lactarius azonites. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
  • Lactarius azonites. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on October 23, 2008 ; Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin diagnosis).
  • Lactarius azonites. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on February 29, 2012 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Rauch-colored Milchling).