Winged milkling

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Winged milkling
2006-09-30 Lactarius pterosporus Romagn 27832.jpg

Winged milkling ( Lactarius pterosporus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Winged milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius pterosporus
Romagn.

The Flügelsporige Milchling ( Lactarius pterosporus ) is a fungal art from the family of Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). Other names for this Täubling are Scharfer Korallen-Milchling or Aderiger Flügelspor-Milchling . It is a medium-sized milkling with a more or less ocher-brown, wrinkled, veined hat, in which the milk only turns reddish on contact with the meat. The closely spaced lamellae are cream ocher to ocher orange. The Milchling grows under various deciduous trees on heavy, chalky soils. The fruiting bodies appear between July and October.

features

Macroscopic features

The 4–9 cm wide hat is flatly arched when young, but soon spread out and depressed in the middle or deepened in the shape of a funnel. Sometimes it also has a hint of papilla. The edge that was initially curved is soon sharp and smooth or often curved in a wavy manner. The middle is usually, but not always, more or less wrinkled to radially veined, but towards the edge of the hat the hat is smooth and not furrowed. The matt surface is finely frosted to velvety or suede-like and colored ocher yellow to ocher brown. The hat can, however, also be latte brown to gray-brownish. It is often lighter or darker piebald and has a lighter, almost whitish border. Sometimes the hat can also have a light olive shade.

The crowded to very crowded lamellae (approx. 15 per cm of hat rim) are creamy-yellow when young and turn creamy-ocher to ocher-orange after a while. They are thin, forked in places and broadly attached to the stem or run down it with a fine tooth. White-pink milk droplets can often be seen on the smooth edges. Injured areas also turn pink after a while. The spore powder is ocher in color.

The irregularly cylindrical stem, which is mostly narrowed towards the base, is 4–8 cm long and 0.6–2 cm wide. The surface is smooth or sometimes has indistinct longitudinal grooves. The stem is usually more or less creamy-white to light ocher in color, i.e. significantly lighter than the hat. It darkens in touched areas and reddened injured areas.

The whitish flesh turns vividly carmine pink ("candy pink") within 2–3 minutes in the open air if it is injured or cut. It tastes mild at first, then hot. Old specimens with only scant milk often only taste sharp. The smell is faint, but rather unpleasant, it smells a little fruity, soapy or chemical. The whitish milk, in contrast to the rose- tinged milk, only reddens in contact with the meat. It too tastes mild at first and after a few seconds it tastes hot and astringent.

Microscopic features

The almost round to elliptical spores are on average 7.7–8.0 µm long and 6.4–7.1 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.0–1.2. The spore ornament consists of a few, burr-like, elongated warts and some 2.5 (-3) µm high and up to 1 µm wide, wing-like ribs, which are more or less parallel or zebra-stripe-like to spirally arranged. They are seldom branched and only connected to one another in very few places, so that a network with closed meshes never emerges. They are less amyloid at the tip of the spores, and there are some shorter or irregular ribs between the main ribs. The hilarity is sometimes amyloid on the outside.

The slightly clubbed basidia are 50–75 µm long and 10–13 µm wide and have four pores. There are no pleural and macro cystids . The numerous, 30–50 µm long and 4–7 (–8) µm wide, translucent, thin-walled and diverse paracystids form a sterile band on the lamellar edges. They are spindle-shaped to quite irregular and are usually narrower towards the tip.

The 80–120 µm thick hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a trichoepithelium that can merge into a trichopalisade . It consists of palisade-like, 20–85 µm long and 3–7 µm wide hyphae ends , which arise from roundish to elongated, often chain-like, 0–15 (-20) µm long and up to 13 µm wide cells. The hyphal end cells are cylindrical to slightly clubbed, but some of them are inflated and up to 20 µm wide. In the upper cell layers, the cells contain a brown pigment intracellularly.

Species delimitation

While the milk of most species belonging to the family of the Mohrenkopf Milchling turns pink, only the flesh of the winged Milchling changes color. Nevertheless, some species are so similar that the Milchling can only be determined with certainty under the microscope. The very rare rose- tinted milkling ( L. acris ) that occurs in limestone beech forests and whose milk quickly turns pink when exposed to the air is similar in appearance . The smoke-colored milkling ( L. azonites ) found under oaks and beeches can be quite similar. It has slowly tarnishing meat that tastes mild to bitter. The last two types mentioned differ under the microscope by their reticulate spores and their different skin structure.

Often there is also confusion with the soot-colored milkling ( L. fuliginosus ), as it occurs in comparable locations. However, this has a more or less smooth or at most weakly veined hat and a brown stem. It also has more reticulate spurs and a significantly lower spore ornament.

Other similar species are the light coral milkling ( L. ruginosus ), the dark coral milkling ( L. romagnesi ) and the spotted milkling ( L. subruginosus ). The light coral milkling and the dark coral milkling also have spores with ribs up to 2 (–2.5) µm high, but the dark coral milkling are clearly reticulated. The spores of the light coral milkling are more spherical, while the winged milkling has wider (up to 1 µm thick) and significantly fewer ribs and more elliptical spores. In addition, the spur ornament is a little higher on him.

The Fleckige Milchling is also very similar. In contrast to the weak and difficult-to-define smell of the winged milkling, it smells clearly of coconut flakes and its spores have narrower ribs.

ecology

The winged milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiosis with various deciduous trees. It is particularly common under European beech trees , a little less frequently under hornbeams. But oaks are also possible hosts.

The Milchling occurs in mesophilic beech and beech-fir forests as well as in the corresponding hornbeam-oak forests . It is also found less frequently in mixed hardwood forests and occasionally in parks.

The Milchling likes fresh, medium to deep, loamy and more or less basic soils, which are only moderately rich in nutrients. The fruiting bodies appear between July and October.

distribution

Distribution of the winged Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The winged milkling is common in East Asia (Japan, South Korea) and Europe. In Western Europe it is widespread from France to the north as far as the Hebrides (under planted hornbeams, chestnuts and beeches). It occurs all over Central Europe and in the north its distribution area extends to southern Norway and central Sweden. In southern Europe the Milchling occurs mainly in the mountainous region. In Italy the sites are between 600 and 1500 m above sea level, while the sites in Spain are mainly in the Pyrenees.

In Germany, the Milchling can be found from Schleswig-Holstein to the Alps. But it occurs quite scattered and is very different in density. Although the species is only dispersed to quite rare in Germany, the species is considered harmless. Only in North Rhine-Westphalia is it classified as endangered and in Saxony as very rare and therefore potentially endangered. In Switzerland and Austria, too, the Milchling is scattered or rare.

Systematics

The species was described by Romagnesi in 1949 and assigned to the Fuliginosi Konrad section . According to Heilmann-Clausen, the species corresponds at least partially to the species Lactarius acris defined by Heinemann in 1948 .

Inquiry systematics

M. Bon, M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen put the winged Milchling in the Plinthogali section, which in turn is part of the Plinthogalus sub-genus . The representatives of the section have hats with a fine, velvety, often wrinkled hat surface, as the hat skin ( Pileipellis ) consists of palisade-shaped hyphae cells. The meat and / or milk will turn pink or reddish brown.

meaning

Most authors classify the Milchling as inedible, only Bon describes it as edible.

Web links

Commons : Flügelsporiger Milchling ( Lactarius pterosporus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Synonyms of Lactarius pterosporus. 1949, Revue de Mycologie Vol .: 14 (2): p. 108. In: Index Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved February 28, 2012 .
  2. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 96 .
  3. ^ A b Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 196 .
  4. ↑ a b c Ewald Gerhart (Hrsg.): Pilze Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellas . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 286 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 80.
  6. ↑ a b c Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 230-233 (English).
  7. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 381.
  8. ↑ a b Lactarius pterosporus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .
  9. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Lactarius pterosporus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; Retrieved September 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  10. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  11. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  12. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( online [accessed January 9, 2012]).
  13. ↑ a b c d Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 637-40, 669-74 (Italian).
  14. ↑ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red list and species directory of the Sprödblättler - Russulales - in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF; 50 KB) (No longer available online.) In: lanuv.nrw.de. Ministry of Environment and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, 2009, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved January 28, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  15. ↑ H.-J. Hardtke & P. ​​Otto: Red List of Mushrooms Free State of Saxony. (No longer available online.) In: smul.sachsen.de. Saxon State Office for Environment and Geology, 1999, formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 28, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.smul.sachsen.de  
  16. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed February 28, 2012 .