Mohrenkopf-Milchling

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Mohrenkopf-Milchling
Lactarius ligniotus.jpg

Mohrenkopf Milchling ( Lactarius lignyotus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Mohrenkopf-Milchling
Scientific name
Lactarius lignyotus
Fr.

The Mohrenkopf-Milchling or Mohrenkopf for short ( Lactarius lignyotus ), also Mohrenköpfiger Milchling , is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). He is a medium-sized milkling with a black-brown hat and a long, also black-brown handle. In contrast to this are the white slats. The watery white milk turns salmon pink in the air. This milkling occurs quite frequently under the spruce trees in mountain conifer forests and is a valued edible mushroom. However, it is very rare in large parts of Germany. The fungus is known locally as the chimney sweep , chimney sweep , Schwarzfußmilchling or Pasterle called.

features

The lamellas on the underside of the hat run wrinkled down the handle and change abruptly to the brown handle color.

Macroscopic features

The hat becomes 2–6 cm wide and quickly shields you. It is brown to black and always has a more or less pronounced small, pointed hump (papilla) in the central depression. Other color variants from light brown to almost white are possible. The surface is fine, velvety and matt, often with lots of veins and wrinkles. The 4–12 cm high stem is about the same color as the hat and also has its velvety surface. At the top it is almost always furrowed because the lamellas run down a little. They are whitish and form a strong color contrast to the stem and hat. They only become whitish-ocher with age. The color of the stem is sharply demarcated from the light lamellas, there is no gradual transition to the other color. The flesh is whitish; the resulting milk is watery and slowly turns salmon pink when exposed to the air. It tastes mildly nutty, sometimes slightly bitter. The spore powder is pale cream to yellowish-orange and amyloid .

Microscopic features

The spores are round to broadly elliptical and measure an average of 9.0–9.3 µm × 8.3–8.5 µm. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.0–1.2. The spore ornament is up to 1.8 µm high and consists of a few warts and irregular, burr-like ribs, most of which are connected to form an incomplete network. The Hilarfleck is in the outer part amyloid . The narrow-clumped basidia are 55–70 µm long and 10–14 µm wide and - like most milklings - have four pores.

The numerous pleurocystids occur in the form of paracystids . They measure 30–65 µm × 5–9 µm and are more or less cylindrical and partly septate or branched. The blade edges are sterile and covered with numerous paracystidia. These are 15–40 µm long and 4–6 µm wide. They are also more or less cylindrical to narrowly clubbed and often slightly twisted or irregular, sometimes they are branched and several times septate. Like the pleurocystids, they are thin-walled and translucent (hyaline). The macrocystids typical of milk babies are missing.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a hymenoepithelium and consists of round, oval to pear-shaped cells 10-30 µm long and 6-16 µm wide. From these cells arise in the uppermost layer the cylindrical to clubbed hyphae , which are about 15–40 µm long and 4–10 µm wide and contain a brown dye inside the cells.

Species delimitation

The Mohrenköpfige Milchling is usually easy to spot. Typical for him is the striking contrast between the white lamellas and the black-brown hat, the strikingly grooved, grooved stem tip and the milk that is turning pink. Microscopically it is characterized by its large, round spores with the coarse, prickly-looking spore ornament. The dark-capped pitch black milkling ( L. picinus ), which can be found in comparable locations, is perhaps similar. However, it has a smooth hat and a completely smooth, much stronger stem. In addition, his hat has no papilla and his milk tastes hot. The inedible soot-brown milkling ( L. fuliginosus ), which is found in the deciduous forest and has a bitter milk, also has a certain similarity .

ecology

The preferred habitat are mountain conifer forests with acidic soil. As a mycorrhizal fungus , the Mohrenkopfmilchling particularly likes to enter into symbioses with spruce . It grows from August to October and can appear en masse in favorable locations, but it usually appears singly or in smaller groups.

distribution

Distribution of the Mohrenkopf Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside of Europe are shown in gray.

The Mohrenköpfige Milchling occurs in North America (USA, Canada), North Asia (Japan, Korea) and Europe. In North America it is particularly widespread in the northeast, where it forms a species complex with several varieties or subspecies.

In Europe, the Milchling is sometimes quite common, but unevenly distributed. As a boreal and montane species, it is particularly widespread in Scandinavia and northeastern Europe, while in southern and central Europe it occurs almost exclusively in the mountainous region.

In Germany, the Milchling is unevenly distributed from the Danish border to the Alps. In northern, western and central Germany, the Milchling is rare to very rare. The Milchling is only a little more common in southern Germany and especially in Bavaria. Since the fungus occurs almost exclusively in mountain coniferous forests, it is usually only found in the Alps, the Alpine foothills, the Black Forest, the Bavarian and Upper Palatinate Forests, the Fichtel Mountains and Franconian Forest, the Thuringian Forest and Slate Mountains, the Ore Mountains and the Harz Mountains. The Mohrenköpfige Milchling is rare in the Rhenish Slate Mountains and the Rhön. In Austria and Switzerland, like in Bavaria, the Milchling is quite common.

The Milchling is on the red list in many federal states . In Baden-Württemberg and Lower Saxony it is listed in the hazard category RL3 and in Hesse, Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate the species is considered severely threatened (RL2). In Schleswig-Holstein (RL1) it is even threatened with extinction. The species is also extremely rare in North Rhine-Westphalia and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and therefore potentially threatened with extinction.

meaning

Like many other mushrooms, the Mohrenkopfmilchling is inedible raw. When processed, however, it is an excellent edible mushroom with a very good aroma.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: The great FSVO mushroom guide for on the go . 2nd Edition. BLV, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-405-15147-3 .
  2. ^ Lactarius lignyotus. Frieze, 1855, monogr. Lact. Suec. 25. In: mycobank.org. Retrieved January 23, 2012 .
  3. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 76.
  4. ↑ a b Jacob Heilmann-Clausen u. a .: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 226 (English).
  5. ↑ Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Pilze (=  Spectrum of Nature, BLV Intersivführer . Volume 1 : lamellar fungi, pigeons, milklings and other groups with lamellae). BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 285 .
  6. ↑ a b Lactarius lignyotus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius lignyotus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; Retrieved September 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen u. a .: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-273 (English).
  9. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mešic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae . In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( online [accessed January 9, 2012]). online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  10. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on October 18, 2012 ; accessed on January 17, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  11. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved January 17, 2012 .
  12. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed January 17, 2012 .
  13. ↑ Ewald Langer: Red List of Large Mushrooms in Hessen. (PDF [540 kB]) (No longer available online.) In: sachsen-anhalt.de. Hessian Ministry for Environment, Agriculture and Forests, 2000, formerly in the original ; Retrieved January 23, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hessen.de  
  14. ↑ Dr. Johannes A. Schmitt: Red list of the mushrooms of the Saarland. (PDF [160 kB]) In: lfu.bayern.de. Bavarian State Office for the Environment, accessed on January 23, 2012 .
  15. ^ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red List of Rhineland-Palatinate. (PDF [50 kB]) (No longer available online.) In: luwg.rlp.de. State Office for the Environment, Water Management and Trade Inspection Rhineland-Palatinate, 2006, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved January 23, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.luwg.rlp.de
  16. ↑ Matthias Lüderitz: The large mushrooms Schleswig-Holstein - Red List. (PDF [880 kB]) Volume 3 Non-leaf mushrooms (Aphyllophorales) Deaf and milk lice (Russulales). In: Umweltdaten.landsh.de. State Office for Nature and the Environment of Schleswig-Holstein, 2001, accessed on January 23, 2012 .
  17. ↑ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red list and species directory of the Sprödblättler - Russulales - in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF [50 kB]) (No longer available online.) In: lanuv.nrw.de. Ministry of Environment and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, 2009, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved January 23, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  18. ↑ Jürgen Schwik et al .: RED LIST of the endangered large mushrooms in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. 2nd version. In: uni-reifswald.de. The Ministry of the Environment of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 1999, archived from the original on October 18, 2004 ; Retrieved January 23, 2012 .

Web links

Commons : Mohrenkopf-Milchling ( Lactarius lignyotus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • M. Kuo: Lactarius lignyotus. In: MushroomExpert.Com. March 2005, accessed on January 17, 2012 (English, information on the Mohrenkopfmilchling).
  • Lactarius lignyotus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved January 17, 2012 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Mohrenköpfigen Milchling).
  • Lactarius lignyotus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved January 17, 2012 (English, photos and original Latin description).