Hazelnuts

Hazelnuts
	Common hazel ( Corylus avellana ), illustration
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden I
Order :	Beech-like (Fagales)
Family :	Birch family (Betulaceae)
Subfamily :	Hazelnut family (Coryloideae)
Genre :	Hazelnuts
Scientific name
	Corylus
	L.

The hazel ( Corylus ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of the birch family (Betulaceae).

description

Corylus heterophylla leaves

Male catkins of Corylus colurna

Fruit clusters of Corylus americana

Harvest quantities 2018 (in t, with shell) hazelnuts and lambert nuts
country	harvest
Turkey Turkey	515,000
Italy Italy	132,699
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan	52,067
United States United States	46,270
China People's Republic People's Republic of China	24,790
Georgia Georgia	17,000
Iran Iran	15,839
France France	14,988
Chile Chile	9,019
Spain Spain	8,033
world	863.888
Source: FAO

Vegetative characteristics

Hazel species are deciduous, deciduous mostly single-stemmed trees or shrubs that reach heights of 3 to 15 meters. The bushes usually branch out into a large number of branches without forming a main trunk, the trunks and branches are twisting. The grayish brown, thin and smooth bark shows no noticeable cork pores, it is closed and breaks into vertical stripes and scales with age. The wood is almost white to light brown, finely textured, medium-hard and heavy. Branches, twigs and twigs are standing or distributed in two rows. The young twigs differ in long and short shoots. Before winter, the plants form sessile, broad, egg-shaped buds that are pointed at the top and have several smooth, roof-tile-like overlapping scales.

The leaves stand in two rows on both the long and short shoots. The leaf blade is broadly ovate, the base is often heart-shaped, the tip occasionally almost lobed, the edges are double-serrated. The 4 to 12 cm long and 3.5 to 12 cm wide blade is traversed by eight or fewer pairs of lateral veins, it is thin, the underside is usually finely haired and occasionally glandular.

Inflorescences and flowers

The hazel species are single sexed ( monoecious ). The male inflorescences ( catkins ) are on the branches of the short shoots in many grape-like groups. They are already formed in the previous year and survive the winter naked in order to knock out before the leaves. Within the male catkins, the flowers stand in threes, surrounded by a scale-like bract. They contain four stamens , which are divided almost up to half, thus forming eight half stamens. The stamens are very short and fused with the two preceding leaves on the bract.

Above the male catkins are the female inflorescences as smaller groups of flowers and bracts , two female flowers are held by a bract. The female flowers bloom at the same time as the male flowers, they are reduced and only the stylus emerges from the bud to bloom.

Pollen

Pollen from hazel species is often the cause of allergic rhinitis in late winter and the first few months of spring. The pollen grains can be easily recognized by a palynological examination by the typical and less often tetraporate structure of their granular exine .

fruit

The fruit heads are dense groups that consist of several fruits. Each fruit is surrounded by a calyx formed from two bracts. The bracts are leaf-like, hairy or prickly, enlarged and occasionally fused to form a short to elongated tube. The nuts are relatively thin-walled, almost spherical to egg-shaped, they are somewhat indented on the sides and ribbed lengthways.

Occurrence

The species of the genus are distributed in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, from North America through Europe to Asia.

ecology

Hazelnuts are home to 44 species of caterpillars .

Systematics

The genus Corylus belongs to the subfamily of the hazelnut family (Coryloideae) within the birch family (Betulaceae). Phylogenetic studies place the genus as a sister clade to the remaining three genera of the subfamily.

Corylus

Ostryopsis

Carpinus

	Ostrya

According to the cladogram

American hazel ( Corylus americana )

Tree hazel ( Corylus colurna ) on site in Orjen

Beaked hazel ( Corylus cornuta )

Japanese hazel ( Corylus Sieboldiana )

The fossil Corylus johnstonii from Republic , 49.5 million years old

Depending on the author, the genus Corylus contains 10 to 25 species:

American hazel ( Corylus americana Walter ): It is widespread in North America in Canada and the United States.
Common hazel ( Corylus avellana L. ): The range extends from Europe to the Caucasus . With the varieties:
- Corylus avellana L. var. Avellana
- Corylus avellana var. Pontica (K.Koch) HJPWinkl.
Chinese hazel ( Corylus chinensis Franch .; Incl. Corylus papyracea Hickel ): The home is China.
Corylus colchica Albov : Home is the western Transcaucasia .
Tree hazel ( Corylus colurna L. ): The home extends from southeast Europe to northern Iran.
Corylus × colurnoides C.K. Schneid . (= Corylus avellana × Corylus colurna )

Beaked Hazel ( Corylus cornuta Marshall ): Home is Canada and the USA. With two subspecies:

Corylus cornuta subsp. californica (A.DC.) AEMurray
Corylus cornuta Marshall subsp. cornuta

Corylus fargesii (Franch.) CKSchneid. : The home is China.

Corylus ferox Wall. : The distribution area extends from the Himalayas to northern China. With the varieties:

Corylus ferox var. Ferox : It occurs from the central Himalayas to south-central China.
Corylus ferox var. Tibetica (Batalin) Franch. : It occurs from Tibet to central and northern China.

Mongolian hazel ( Corylus heterophylla Fisch. Ex Trautv. ): The distribution area extends from south-eastern Siberia to Japan and Korea. With the varieties:

Corylus heterophylla fish. ex Trautv. var. heterophylla
Corylus heterophylla var. Sutchuenensis Franch.

Corylus jacquemontii Decne. : The distribution area extends from Kashmir to Nepal.

Corylus maxima Mill .: The home is the northwestern Balkan peninsula.

Corylus potaninii Bobrov : The home is southern and central China.

Japanese hazel ( Corylus Sieboldiana Blume ): The home extends from southern Siberia to Korea and Japan. With the varieties:

Corylus Sieboldiana var. Mandshurica (Maxim.) CKSchneid.
Corylus Sieboldiana flower var. Sieboldiana

Corylus wangii Hu : It only occurs in the Chinese province of Yunnan .

Corylus wulingensis Q.X.Liu & CMZhang : It occurs only in the Chinese province of Hunan .

Corylus yunnanensis (Franch.) A.Camus : It is native to southern and central China.

Depending on the author's opinion, the species Corylus maxima Mill. ( Lambertshasel ), Corylus pontica K. Koch and Corylus colchica Albov are often split off from Corylus avellana . In addition, depending on the author, the species Corylus californica (A. DC.) A. Heller is counted as a variety of Corylus cornuta . Likewise, the varieties often assigned to Corylus heterophylla are var. Sutchuenensis Franch. and var. yunnanensis Franch. listed as separate species by some authors. Corylus papyracea also has controversial rank .

Fossil evidence

The first fossil record of hazelnuts using nuts surrounded by multi-lobed, deciduous and prickly bracts comes from the mid Eocene and was found near Republic in the US state of Washington . Fossil leaves that resemble those of the Corylus species are known from the northern hemisphere from many finds from the Paleocene and the Eocene. An exact assignment to the genus Corylus or Palaeocarpinus is not possible.

swell

literature

John J. Furlow: Corylus. In: Flora of North America. Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 .

Individual evidence

↑ FAO production statistics for 2018 , fao.org, accessed on February 29, 2020

↑ Hazel (Corylus) - pollen flight north The pollen grains of the hazel.

↑ Helmut Hintermeier: The privet and its guests. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Bekerzeitung , November 2008, pp. 30–31.

↑ ^a ^b Z. D. Chen, SR Manchester, HY Sun: Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and palaeobotany. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 86, 1999, pp. 1168-1181.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Corylus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew .

↑ Veli Erdogan and Shawn A. Mehlenbacher: Phylogenetic Relationships of Corylus Species (Betulaceae) Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS Region and Chloroplast matK Gene Sequences. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 25, Issue 4, October-December 2000, pp. 727-737.

^ Steven R. Manchester: Biogeographical Relationships of North American Tertiary Floras. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 86, Number 2, 1999, pp. 472-522.

Web links

Commons : Hazelnuts ( Corylus ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Bochum Botanical Association V .: Differences between common hazel, Lambert hazel and tree hazel

[Faostat-1] FAO production statistics for 2018 , fao.org, accessed on February 29, 2020

[2] Hazel (Corylus) - pollen flight north The pollen grains of the hazel.

[3] Helmut Hintermeier: The privet and its guests. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Bekerzeitung , November 2008, pp. 30–31.

[Chen1999-4] Z. D. Chen, SR Manchester, HY Sun: Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and palaeobotany. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 86, 1999, pp. 1168-1181.

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Corylus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew .

[Erdogan00-6] Veli Erdogan and Shawn A. Mehlenbacher: Phylogenetic Relationships of Corylus Species (Betulaceae) Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS Region and Chloroplast matK Gene Sequences. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 25, Issue 4, October-December 2000, pp. 727-737.

[Manchester99-7] Steven R. Manchester: Biogeographical Relationships of North American Tertiary Floras. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 86, Number 2, 1999, pp. 472-522.