Tree hazel
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Tree hazel in its wild habitat in the Southeast Sub-Adriatic Dinarides |
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| Corylus colurna | ||||||||||||
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The tree hazel ( Corylus colurna ), also known as Turkish hazel , Turkish hazelnut or Byzantine hazel , is a species of the hazel genus ( Corylus ) within the birch family (Betulaceae). Their natural range extends from Southeast Europe and Asia Minor through the Transcaucasus and the Caucasus to the Himalayas . It is characterized by an extraordinary tolerance to drought , so that it is predestined as a tree species in the face of climate change . It has a valuable wood, which is why it was severely decimated in the Balkans .
description
The tree hazel grows as a deciduous tree , usually with a straight trunk and pyramidal crown , less often as a shrub. It grows wild in Europe to a height of a good 20 meters, overall heights of up to 40 meters are given. The trunk usually reaches a diameter of 30 to 60 centimeters, in exceptional cases up to 120 centimeters. Young shoots are hairy glands. The bark is corky, longitudinally fissured and gray in color.
The alternate and two lines are arranged on the branches leaves are in petiole and leaf blade divided. They reach 7 to 18 centimeters in length. The simple leaf blade is heart-shaped, round, oval, egg-shaped or obovate, sometimes weakly lobed, the edge of the leaf blade is usually double serrate, occasionally toothed, the tip (apex) pointed to long. The petiole reaches up to 2.5 centimeters in length, it is usually smooth, occasionally weakly glandular hairs. The leaves are hairy on the underside, smooth or almost smooth on the top. The stipules are lanceolate and pointed (not rounded as in the common hazel).
The hazel species are single sexed ( monoecious ). The male inflorescences (catkins) are on short shoots in many grape-like groups. They are hanging from the tree hazel and up to 12 centimeters long. The tree hazel blooms in late winter to early spring.
The fruits, the nuts typical of the genus , ripen in infructescence consisting of five to eight (rarely two or ten) nuts. They stand crowded and are each surrounded by a shell with multiple slits that is around two to three times as long as the nut. The hull lobes are divided almost to the base and long pointed, they are somewhat fleshy and very densely hairy with glands. The nuts are about 1 to 2 centimeters in diameter compared to the common hazel ( Corylus avellana ). They are egg-shaped, almost round to flattened, sometimes angular. In the wild form they are usually firmly attached to the shell until they are mature, but in cultivars they are separated and falling out.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.
Branch with stalked leaves and fruit cluster
Branch with stalked leaves and fruit cluster
ripe fruits
Occurrence
The tree hazel is found from southeast Europe to northern Iran . It thrives in Europe, in the northwesternmost section of its range, in societies of the order of the heat-bound downy oak forests (Quercetalia pubescentis-petraeae).
The northernmost autochthonous deposit is located near Oravita (Romania), not far from the Iron Gate of the Danube. The westernmost occurrences are in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Nedyalkov (1978) mentions natural occurrences in northern Iran in the mountains of the Hyrkanian and Turanian regions. Alexandrov (2014) published a distribution map with occurrences in Iran and Afghanistan. The literature on occurrences in Iran and Afghanistan appear uncertain, however, because Iranian forest scientists (Sagheb-Talebi) could not confirm any current occurrences.
Forest society
The tree hazel occurs predominantly mixed individually in beech deciduous forests . It is obviously weak in competition (similar to our service tree) and has its ecological optimum where other tree species can no longer be dangerous to it on dry locations. In Romanian karst areas it forms small pure stands, where other tree species such as red beech, norway maple, ash, service tree, oriental hornbeam, silver linden or pear can no longer thrive due to lack of water. In Montenegro it occurs together with fir and beech. In Turkey it grows in mixed stands with other hardwood trees and beech.
Location requirements
The tree hazel is characterized by frost resistance down to −38 degrees, very low water requirements and rapid growth. It has largely disappeared in the area of origin due to excessive use of wood.
Elevation spread
In the Caucasus it occurs at altitudes up to 1750 meters (Sokolov 1977), in Turkey up to 2000 meters (Genc 1998), in Romania up to 1200 meters (Haralamb 1967), in Montenegro up to 1435 meters (Cikovav 2002), in Serbia up to 1450 meters (Beus 1970).
Rainfall
In Turkey, it thrives in areas with 480 mm of annual precipitation, however, due to the high temperatures, evaporation is much higher than in Central Europe (Temel 2017). In the Balkans, precipitation is sometimes over 1500 mm.
Water requirement
The tree hazel needs very little water, as its occurrence in the Romanian Karst shows. It can also be grown in dry locations, and like all tree species, of course, has only slight growth here. However, it thrives here better than almost any other tree species. It shows rapid growth in locations with a good water supply. Soils with changing moisture are unsuitable for them.
Temperatures
The annual average temperature in the distribution areas of Turkey is a maximum of 10.7 degrees (Temel 2017) or 10.9 degrees (Bolu), in Bosnia (Konjic) at 12.7 degrees and in Serbia (Kursumlija) at 11.8 degrees (Seho 2018). The maximum minus temperature is minus 38 degrees, the heat tolerance is plus 40 degrees (Palashev and Nickolov 1979).
Light requirement
Young tree hazels always grow straight up, if necessary through the branches of an elder. It never grows at an angle to the light, as nut trees do when neighboring trees shade it. In Bulgaria it grows under old beeches (G. Huber, ASP Bayern). How high the light requirement is and how well it grows in penumbra remains to be clarified.
Nutritional requirements
In origin areal it inhabits nutrient-rich, calcareous soils , but also comes at locations with low nutrient ago. It colonizes karst locations and is therefore lime-tolerant.
Aspects of the justification of culture
Flowering / fructification / extraction of nuts
It can fructify even as a very young tree. The time of flowering is very different - some trees bloom as early as January when it is mild, others not until March, similar to the hazel bush.
This results in the different fruit ripeness, which is noticeable in street trees. Nuts can be found from August to October. In mild winters, it blooms as early as January, but can then be surprised by the onset of winter.
nuts
Old hazel trees bear abundant fruit almost every year, so you can collect nuts almost every year. In some trees it is very difficult to remove the nuts from the fruit cups. These nuts are better avoided in a collection campaign. The nuts are used by many animal species that also eat the fruits of the hazel bush, such as squirrels, wild boars, jays, nuthatches and woodpeckers.
seed
So far there is hardly any experience with seeds. The sowing should be done in such a way that no nuts can be ingested on a large scale by animals (birds, mice, wild boars). Therefore, sowing in spring is preferable. When the seeds are overwintered, it must be ensured that the nuts are kept moist for 8 weeks in order to carry out the stratification (removal of the sprout inhibition).
The nuts can be stored in the sand in a mouse-safe box. When the nuts dry out, they last for one summer and only germinate in the following spring. Sowing is particularly suitable on rocky hilltops where planting is difficult.
Economic data In Turkey, young plants of the tree hazel are produced on a large scale in order to use them as a grafting base for the hazel bush Corylus avellana .
On the Turkish Black Sea coast, with its warm climate and regular rainfall, there are huge areas of hazelnut plantations (700,000 ha), where nuts etc. a. for Nutella production. (For comparison: the total forest area of Hesse is 870,000 ha.) 76% of the world's hazelnut production takes place in Turkey. The annual turnover is 1.9 billion euros; around 8 million people are employed there in nut harvesting and processing.
Which areas are suitable for cultivation?
Both nutrient-rich (eutrophic) and moderately nutrient-supplied (mesotrophic) areas are suitable as cultivated areas. Fresh to dry locations are suitable for the water balance. The hazel tree cannot be grown in damp, wet and alternately damp locations. You have to consider the risk of mice with grassed areas, just like when growing beech, cherry or maple.
Biotic and abiotic hazards
Mice represent a considerable danger. The trunk of tree hazel is just as popular with peeling as beech or cherry. Even tree hazel, which were 10 cm thick at the root neck, were caused to die by mice (Lich / Hessen, 2014). Growth covers, smooth sweep protection cuffs or rodenticides help against mice .
Browsing or sweeping by roe deer is prevented by the construction of fences or growth covers.
City trees occasionally die off because of Verticillium dahliae , the Verticillium wilt , a fungal infection that penetrates through damaged roots (excavation work on city trees). Another cause of urban tree death has not yet been clarified. Plant pathogenic bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas are suspected (Kehr, 2014). They may be transmitted during pruning work with infected loppers.
Frost is dangerous if it occurs around April 1st, when the tender leaflets sprout. Trees within the growth cover survived frost without damage, while unprotected trees froze back. They then form a locust shoot from the root neck, which can be up to 50 cm long. Late frosts in May or June cannot harm the tree hazel because the leaves are then already firm.
Street trees can die if too much road salt is introduced, if there are major interventions in the root system (dredging) and if the soil is compacted.
growth
Age or age estimate
In the literature, the maximum age is found to be 200 years (Alexandrov 1995, p. 217) or 200 years (in Schmidt 2003). Trees were drilled in Oravita (Romania) and the age was estimated to be 330 years.
In Afyon-Derecine (Turkey) there is a tree whose age is estimated at 340 years, another is estimated at 620 years (Genc 1998). In Rogatica (Bosnia) a tree with a BHD of 240 cm is estimated to be 460 years old.
The problem with old trees is that the tree trunk is hollow or you can only sample the outer 30 cm of the trunk with the increment borer. The age must be estimated using the annual rings drilled on the outside. Unfortunately, it is not known how wide the tree rings were inside the trunk. In the last few decades, old trees can form very tight annual rings. If one assumes that they also formed similarly tight tree rings in their youth, the age is considerably overestimated.
Growth characteristics
The root is developed as a taproot that grows up to 4 meters deep. The crown is often pyramidal or pointed in youth, and generally broader and rounded in old age.
The natural branch cleaning is very good. An impressive example is the Bismarck Forest near Würzburg, where trunks with 15 m knot-free trunk can be seen. The tree hazel is therefore not a totaster holder like the cherry.
Straightness - the proportion of straight trunks is extremely high in tree hazels.
Tree-topping - a special characteristic of the tree hazel is the pronounced tree-topping growth, similar to that of poplar or alder. The trunks usually grow to the top of the tree without bulging. Therefore, not as many plants need to be planted in the culture as e.g. B. beech or oak.
When the roots spawn , shoots emerge from the roots at a greater distance from the trunk. This has not yet become known with tree hazelnuts.
Coppice can be seen in the primeval constituent in Oravita (Romania) at numerous trees (directly on the trunk of Altbaums). In young trees there are sometimes numerous cane rashes a few centimeters thick, on old trees there are sometimes very strong stick rashes. When a young sapling dies, the St. John's shoots are formed.
Height growth
Growth comparison with other tree species : The comparison of the height growth of tree hazel and other tree species is very location-dependent. On well-watered, eutrophic (nutrient-rich) soils in Lich (Hesse), in the thickening stage, sycamore and norway maples and cherries of the same age are clearly superior to the tree hazel, while common beech and sessile oak grow more slowly. The height development of 16-year-old hazelnuts was measured on a southern German test area (Heilbronn) (Schölch, in Seho 2017). In a very good location (wine-growing region, fine clay), they grew sometimes faster than cherries.
In mesotrophic or dry locations, one can assume that the tree hazel can keep up with the otherwise very fast-growing sycamore maples and cherries. It reaches a maximum height of 35 m.
Thickness growth
Tiefzwiesel are often thicker than treetop trees and can reach considerable dimensions. Solitary trees with their large crowns are naturally thicker than trees in the forest, which have less space for their crown to develop. In our forest there are only hazel trees that are younger than 60 years, so that there are no strong forest trees. In our cities, city trees with dimensions of over 100 cm diameter at chest height (BHD) can occasionally be found.
At the same locations, the beech only catches up with the tree hazel in terms of diameter when it is over 100 years old (Ghimsey 1980 in Alteheld 1996). The maximum annual ring was 13 mm measured in the age period 5–10 years, the average annual ring was 8.3 mm (Sauen / Brandenburg; Wich 2015).
The width of the tree ring depends on the age of the tree, the supply of nutrients, water and heat as well as the space available (crown diameter). In extreme cases, such as in Oravita (Romanian Karst), where 300-year-old trees are on the verge of viability, it can only be 0.5 mm over long periods.
Stock supply
In Oravita (Romania) Neumann (2015) determined areas of 34–38 m² in the natural forest on 6 sample areas and stocks of a maximum of 214 m3 / ha tree hazel, whereby the total supply of the trial area was 406 m3 / ha; the other tree species involved were silver linden, hornbeam and ash.
Cultivation in Central Europe
The first tree hazel were brought from Constantinople (Istanbul) to Merkenstein (Lower Austria) in 1582 (Beck von Mannagetta 1890): Beck von Mannagetta writes about Corylus colurna in Flora von Niederösterreich, published in 1890 : “In 1582 came from Constantinople to Lower Austria and cultivated here in the gardens; also sometimes overgrown, like in the forests near Merkenstein. [20 km south of Vienna.] Turkish hazelnut ”.
The chronicler of the parishes of Melk Abbey [70 km west of Vienna], Ignaz Franz Keiblinger, reports “about the two venerable Turkish hazelnut trees (Corylus arborea), which were made at the time of Emperor Leopold I between 1690–1693 by the imperial envoy in Turkey, Hofrath Franz Anton Edlen von Quarient and Raal, are said to have been planted, but one of them died out in 1854. "
Excerpt from the “Waldwirt” (1996): “In 1582 and 1586, the Austrian war council Baron von Ungnad from Constantinople first received seeds from hazel trees. Clusius from Frankfurt sown from these nuts and in 1593 a tree that grew out of them was already over a man's height. ”However, a hazel tree must have come to Frankfurt earlier, because in 1657 in the garden of the merchant Dufay one is described that is height and width almost surpassed the largest oak tree. Almost 30 m high with 1/3 of it shaft, it was as strong as "four men in the body". The same hazel tree is described in 1736 as being so tall and thick that it “should not surpass any linden tree”.
In the standard forest work by Carl Alwin Schenck 1939 (Fremdländische Baumarten), in which all tree species of the northern hemisphere were listed, the hazel tree is missing. Presumably it was forgotten because it largely disappeared in nature after overuse of the stands and often only small trees remained in unfavorable locations. Because in the above The book is missing could be the reason why it was never taken into account in the many forestry attempts at cultivation of foreign tree species.
You can probably find hazel trees as a street tree in all German cities. It has been planted for over a hundred years, and numerous older trees can be found in the cities. At first it was probably mainly planted in southern Germany. This can be traced back to the fact that it has been used as a street tree in neighboring Austria for a long time.
Since around 1990 it has been increasingly planted in cities. Because of its drought resistance, it is considered to be well suited for streets where little water is available due to sealing. But it is not very tolerant of salt. Hazel trees are not planted on country roads in accordance with the requirements of the road construction administration, as their nuts would lure animals to the road that could be run over.
In contrast, astonishingly only a few tree hazel were planted in the forest in Central Europe before 2010, although very vigorous specimens can be found in many cities. Only a tiny forest area of approx. 13 hectares was planted with hazel trees. In 2010, increased cultivation began.
Hazel trees and climate change
According to the Freising forest scientist Christian Köllig, criteria for new guest tree species apply, according to which the hazel tree could possibly also be suitable.The arguments can apply: It achieves higher mass or value performance than native tree species on the same site, hazel tree grows faster than oak, and produces valuable wood with high prices. Favorable properties with regard to climate change could be: Tree hazel has a low water requirement, and it can cope with pronounced periods of drought and frost. As a European tree species, it knows our general weather conditions. There are no serious problems with biotic or abiotic damage. There are no known problems with fungi, insects, frost, snow breaks, storms. There is no deterioration in the condition of the soil. Your litter is easily degradable, the soil does not acidify and is not wasted. It's not an invasive species . Their rejuvenation is comparable to that of oak, and animals like the hazel bush like their fruits.
Examples of larger stands of the tree hazel
The largest old German stock: Bismarck tower near Würzburg
On the northern outskirts of Würzburg, 150 m west of the Bismarck Tower, there is an approximately 0.6 hectare stand that was planted in 1950 when the outskirts of the city were planted. Around 70 dominant trees with a maximum height of 22 m and BHD up to 29 cm can be found here. The crowns are small, many tree hazels only have small brush crowns, as the stock was never thinned and trees were only removed for reasons of traffic safety . The diameter development is correspondingly small. The excellent branch cleaning is impressive, many trunks are free of knots at 15 m. Norway maple and ash are added to the stock ; these have much larger crowns than the tree hazel, but are only slightly higher.
A large, primeval forest-like pure stock in the Romanian Carpathians: Oravita
In the Cheile Nerei-Beuşnița National Park , 100 km south-southeast of Timişoara (Temeschburg), there is a very near-natural tree hazel population with a size of 17 hectares. The population is at an altitude of 570 - 800 m above sea level. NN, where in winter there can be a meter of snow, while summers often bring little rainfall. The original rock is karstified limestone , the existing structure is overlaid in large areas with a very high proportion of skeletons and a very low proportion of fine soil. Often there is bare rock and one is amazed that such strong trees can grow here, although they only reach a low top height of 20 m. Other tree species fall out on very dry areas and tree hazel then forms pure stands. In areas with better ground 30 meters high hazel tree and the share available to the other Edellaubbbaumarten mountain and Norway maple , cherry , wild service tree , silver lime , hornbeam and beech is increasing.
The high proportion of tree tops and straight trees is striking. It is noteworthy that a stick rash can be seen on many trunks, sometimes dozens of thin rods, sometimes only a few. Occasionally, old trees are very close together, obviously they have emerged from the eruptions of a stick . Natural regeneration is practically non- existent in the entire stand, so that propagation via stick rashes was probably of great importance.
The strongest trunk, a Triesel (not Zwiesel ), had a breast height diameter (abbreviated: BHD) of 115 cm, Zwiesel with a BHD 97 cm and 107 cm were measured and the strongest tree with a treetop had a BHD of 101 cm. In 3 test circles with a particularly high proportion of tree hazel, stocks of 264 m³ / ha were determined for all tree species , the proportion of tree hazel in the thick trees (> 50 cm BHD) was 57 to 71%. Several trees were drilled and the thickness of the annual rings was determined, they were 0.4 to 2.2 mm over longer periods, exceptionally 4 mm. It must be taken into account that it is a dry location with little growth and that no thinning took place. The crown diameters are correspondingly small. The age of the oldest trees was estimated based on the drill cores to be 300 years. Since it was not possible to drill to the center of the trunk, an estimate was made based on the thickness of the tree rings .
In 6 representative sample circles, the proportion of hazel trees averaged 33% (20–50%), the stand area 34–38 m² / ha, the stock of all tree species 383–428 square meters / ha. The tree heights were between 22 and 30 m, the crown diameter included the strongest trees was 7 m (with tree hazel in the city it is often 15 m.)
This stand is exceptional because it is so large and because it also includes areas where hazel trees can grow into large trees in areas with a high proportion of fine soil. In the Balkans, hazel trees are usually only found on barren, dry soils because the competitive tree species such as beech, maple, ash and cherry do not allow them to come into play in better locations. Therefore, mostly only thin hazel trees can be seen.
use
The nuts are edible and are often used for baking (nut cakes). They have a pleasantly mild taste and have a long shelf life.
The wood is light brown and suitable for making furniture and carvings .
Due to its robustness and slender growth, the tree hazel is often planted as a street tree in Central Europe .
Wood
"In earlier times" tree hazel was used extensively in natural forests, which gives a clear indication of their valuable and popular wood. For a long time there have been hardly any usable trunks in convenient locations, only in inaccessible, remote forests there are still a few strong hazel trees. Therefore it is largely unknown as a type of wood, even among foresters.
Usage history
Until the last Turkish war, large quantities of the "Turkish hazelnut wood" came up the Danube to Vienna in blocks of 42x42 or 65x65cm diameter:
"Up until the last Turkish war (1788) a very large amount of wood was brought to Austria on the Danube under the name" Turkish hazelnut wood "in very large blocks with a diameter of several square feet (65x65 cm), in which it was formerly together with the yew wood one of the most popular, precious joiner's timbers for furniture was a lot of which can be found in Vienna ”.
“This valuable property of the hazel tree, which is used as timber in cabinet making, seems to have been completely forgotten by the forestry people of today. The cultivation of the Turkish or tree hazel on a large scale as a forest tree therefore deserves to be stimulated anew. The fact that the tree thrives well in our German climate and develops vigorously, albeit slowly, has been proven by numerous, isolated specimens. Therefore, an adjustment of this type of wood in our forest cultures should hardly encounter any significant difficulty. ”(Goeschke 1887; in Helpful, Heinrich 1996).
Extreme overexploitation of the stocks took place until the Middle Ages, in nature it has largely been eradicated (comparable to the yew), various former stocks are today karst (bare stone surfaces), so the hazel tree is largely unknown even in the countries of origin. Information on the use can be found in (Alteheld 1996): “The local population in the Caucasus values wood as a building material and a material that is easy to work with”.
"In many places [in the Caucasus] the valuable wood was also the reason for overexploitation, so that various populations were almost exterminated" (Schmidt 2003).
Wood properties, wood use, prices
Wood properties
The wood is described as moderately hard, medium-heavy and easy to work with.
It has excellent stamina, so it does not change its shape when the humidity changes once it has dried. The dimensional stability (with wood also: the stamina ) describes the property of substances to remain dimensionally stable under changing environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.).
Use of wood
Before 1850, wood was the most popular and valuable furniture wood in Vienna alongside the yew. After the natural forests could no longer supply tree hazel wood for Vienna, tropical woods such as meranti were used as a substitute. It is also used as solid furniture wood for veneer production and as wood for turning. As firewood, it has a high calorific value.
Prices
Tree hazel is hardly traded in its original area, as there are only very few usable stands or individual trees. Individual strains are only marketed in Central Europe in exceptional cases. Street trees with straight trunk sections would represent a limited potential. However, the green offices of the cities usually lack the awareness of the value of the trunks, they lack knowledge of marketing opportunities or the high expense of submitting individual trunks is avoided. Therefore, trees that have been felled on the street are processed into firewood or chopped.
Street trees have potential
Street trees offer a certain potential for supplying logs. The lower meters of the trunks are often knot-free, so that they contain valuable wood. As a rule, the employees of the green offices or building yards are not aware of the value a trunk of hazel trees can have. In addition, they are usually not familiar with the submission process or do not want to go to the trouble of marketing a single strain in this way. Therefore the trunks are mostly "made into kindling" by cutting them up by the meter and ending up as firewood.
Exploring the tree hazel
Origin attempts
Hazel trees have been planted in many places in Germany in recent years. The nuts for plant production were probably mainly collected by German tree nurseries in cities on avenue trees that are phenotypically (in terms of their external appearance) positive: straight trunk, crown-shaped, vigorous. The avenue trees have proven over decades that they can cope well with the local conditions here.
However, it may well be that there are origins other than those previously used that grow significantly better with us. It is therefore urgently necessary that origin tests are carried out .
For this purpose, nuts from different areas of origin are collected, grown for plants in the nursery and applied under the same conditions: the year of planting must be identical so that all origins grow under the same growing conditions (dry spring, frosts, etc.) and they must be in the same location grow up, i.e. on the same cultivated area with its corresponding soil (water and nutrient supply, soil type, etc.).
In the following years the origins are compared with regard to failure rate and growth characteristics (shaft quality, height growth, diseases, reaction to climate etc. etc.).
See also
literature
- Axel Albrecht, Angela Luciana de Avila: Tree species profile tree hazel ; FVA Forestry Experimental and Research Institute Baden-Württemberg 2017.
- R. Alteheld: The tree hazel ( Corylus colurna L.): Monograph of a tree species. In: Werner Koch (Ed.): Baumkunde. Volume 1, IHW-Verlag, Eching 1996, ISBN 3-930167-15-8 .
- Mustafa Arslan: Studying Turkish hazelnut (C. colurna) populations in the western black sea region from ecological and silvicultural aspects. Abant İzzet Baysal Universitesi. Department of Forest Engineering. Master of Science. Bolu .; Supervisor Prof. Emrah Cicek in Turkish: M. ARSLAN: Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde Türk Fındığı (Corylus colurna L.) Populasyonlarının Ekolojik ve Silvikältürel Yönden İncelenmesi. Abant İzzet Baysal Universitesi. Fen Bilimleri Institute. Orman Mühendisliği Silvikülür Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisan's Tezi. Bolu 2005.
- V. Beus: Contribution to getting to know the localities of the tree hazel (Corylus colurna L.) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In: Narodni Sumar. Sarajevo, XXIV; No. 9-10, 1970, pp. 425-436. (Serbian)
- V. Beus: A new occurrence of hazel trees in the Praca area (Novo nalazište medveđe lijeske (Corylus colurna L) u području Prače). Sarajevo 1982, pp. 55-58. (Serbian)
- G. Fekete: The walnut-tree hazel rock forest of the mountains of Oltenia. In: Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici Pars Botanica Budapest. Volume 59, 1967, pp. 163-173.
- N. Frischbier et al .: Report on the test contract "Feasibility study for foreign country cultivation". Forstl. Research and Competence Center Gotha, 2015, pp. 1–21.
- P. Fukarek: Medvjeda lijeska (Corylus colurna L.) i njena nalazista u Bosni i Hercegovini. In: Godisnj. Biol. Inst. U Sarajevu. 9, 1956, pp. 153-176.
- M. Genç, Ş. T. Güner, S. Gülcü, H. Fakir: Coppice of Corylus colurna L. in Afyon-Derecine. In: Bükü Orman ve Av. 74 (6) 1998, pp. 13-19. (Afyon-Dereçine Türk Fındığı (Corylus colurna L.) Bükü. Orman ve Av, 74 (6) 13-19)
- L. Ghimessy: Corylus colurna as valuable reserve tree species in Hungary. In: Erdö. 29, 1980, pp. 365-369.
- Wolfgang Grade: The tree hazel. In: The Green Pages. 1–3, notification from the Thuringia Forest Administration, 2017.
- C. Griesche: A Turkish woman named Baumhasel. In: Our forest. (Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald) 2004, pp. 32–33.
- At. Haralamb: Alunul turcesc. [Turkish nut]. In: Cultura speciilor forestiere. 3. Edition. Editura Agro-silvică, Bucureşti 1967, pp. 289-296. (Hazel tree in Romania)
- Wolfgang Hertel: Possibilities of nut cultivation in the new federal states using the example of Thuringia. In: The forest. 5/1997, p. 243.
- Heinrich Helpful (alias Th. Scheeder): The tree hazel - an alternative for dry locations. In: The forest host. 4/5, 1996, pp. 76-79.
- Heinrich Helpful: Further thoughts on silviculture: 24 essays. IHW - Verlag, Eching near Munich 1997, ISBN 3-930167-24-7 .
- Milos Mirkovic: Analiza morfometrijskih svojstava stabala Mecje lijeske (Corylus colurna L.) u cilju izdvajanja sjemenskih objekata. [Analysis of morphological characteristics of Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) trees as the base for designation of seed object]; PhD thesis, Banja Luca 2011.
- Jelena Ninic-Todorovic et al: Turkish hazel trees in Novi Sad urban area. Acta horticalturae et regiotecturae, Nitra, 2010, pp. 42-47.
- T. Pauls: The hazel tree ( Corylus colurna L.) - more than an avenue tree. In: Communications of the German Dendrological Society. 91, 2006, pp. 191-199, ISSN 0070-3958 .
- E. Richter: Tree hazel: Rapid growth in a dry, warm climate - First experiences with the cultivation of tree hazel in the Lich city forest. In: AFZ (general forest journal) - The forest. Issue 8/2014, pp. 11-13.
- E. Richter: A city tree for the forest? Hazel trees instead of red oak. In: Swiss forest journal Wald und Holz. No. 6/09, pp. 4-6.
- A. Roloff: Trees in the city. Ulmer Verlag, 2013, pp. 77–80.
- W. Ruhm: The tree hazel - a tree species for Carinthia. In: Kärntner Forstverein, FVF Info. 59, 2009, pp. 15-16.
- W. Ruhm: The tree hazel - drought-resistant and valuable. In: "Die Landwirtschaft" magazine. 2013, pp. 22-23.
- H. Sabeti: Forest, trees and shrubs of Iran. Yazd. (in Persian; C. colurna in Iran 1994, p. 361, translated into German by Axel Kargoscha and E. Richter; Jan. 2014)
- PA Schmidt: Trees and bushes of the Caucasus. , Part 2. (= communications from the German Dendrological Society. 88). Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8001-8323-4 , pp. 77-100. [here p. 89.]
- Manfred Schölch: Hazel and maple-leaved plane trees - first experiences in forestry cultivation. In: Forest Archive. 82, 2011, pp. 155-156.
- Muhidin Šeho, Gerhard Huber, Nico Frischbier, Manfred Schölch: Short portrait of tree hazel (Corylus colurna L.). 2017. www.waldwissen.net
- Muhidin Seho and others: Hazel trees - seeds and propagation in focus. ; In: German tree nursery. 08/2016, pp. 42–45.
- Muhidin Šeho, Gerhard Huber: Hazel trees - assessment of possible seed crops . ; In: AFZ-The forest. 4/2018.
- Fatih Temel: Status of natural Turkish hazel populations in Turkey. In: Journal of Forestry Faculty. Artvin Coruh University, 2017.
- Luboš Úradníček, Štěpánka Řehořková: Líska turecká. In: Lesnická práce journal. 4/2013; (see: www.silvarium.cz ). (Ústav lesnické botaniky. Dendrologie a geobiocenologie Lesnické a dřevařské fakulty Mendelovy univerzity v Brně Pátek, Duben)
- Mita Veličković ,: Nalazišta mečje leske (Corylus colurna L.) na području Šumskog gazdinstva Vranje. In: Forestry. (Belgrade). No. 11–12, 1959. (Serbian, in Cyrillic script)
- Unknown author: Vom Domogled. Verlag des Österreichisches Reichsforstverein, Vienna 1871, pp. 550–560. ( Austrian monthly for forestry. 1871; 21)
Web links
- Corylus colurna L., tree hazel. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Günther Blaich: data sheet with photos.
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Bochum Botanical Association V .: Differences between common hazel, Lambert hazel and tree hazel
- Eckhard Richter: Hazel trees in the forest. In: baumhasel.info . "Information about hazel trees in climate change, experiences with cultivation in the forest, growth behavior, attempts at origin"
- The hazel tree on waldwissen.net .
Individual evidence
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 115 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
- ^ TG Tutin: Corylus. In TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea Volume 1: Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge University Press, 1964, ISBN 0-521-06661-1 .
- ^ Thomas J. Molnar: Corylus. Chapter 2 in C. Kole (editor): Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources, Forest Trees, Springer-Verlag Berlin / Heidelberg, 2011, doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-642-21250-5_2 .
- ↑ James A. Duke: CRC Handbook of Nuts. CRC Press, Boca Raton 2018. ISBN 978 1351088039 .
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , p. 312.
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Corylus colurna. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 27, 2019.
- ↑ a b c d Eckhard Richter: The tree hazel forest near Oravita. In: Revista Padurilor. (Romanian forest journal) Volume 131, No. 3–4, May – Aug 2016, pp. 19–26.
- ^ S. Nedyalkov: Ecological areas of the forest tree and bush vegetation in Afghanistan. In: Forest Science, Sofia. No. 2, 1978, pp. 71-89.
- ↑ a b c A. Alexandrov: Corylus colurna. In: P. Schütt (editor): Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse. 2. Supplementary delivery. Ecomed-Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, pp. 215-222.
- ↑ P. Cikovac (2002): Sociology and site-related distribution of fir-rich forests in the Orjen Mountains, Montenegro. Diploma thesis at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich, Department of Geography.
- ↑ a b Ferdinand Georg Neumann (2015): Analysis of a near-natural tree hazel population (Corylus colurna) in the Cheile Nerei-Beusnita National Park, Romania. Bachelor thesis at the University of Forestry Rottenburg.
- ↑ Christian Kölling (2008): The Douglas Fir in Climate Change: Present and Future Cultivation Conditions in Bavaria. LWF Wissen 59 (Bavarian State Institute for Forests and Forestry, Volume Criteria for Examining the Cultivability of Foreign Tree Species, Taking Climate Change into Account). P. 20: Principles for the cultivation of guest tree species.
- ↑ Eckhard Richter: Hazel tree - a tree for climate change ?! In: AFZ (general forest journal) - The forest. Issue 8/2012, pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Eckhard Richter: Hazel trees - suitable for cultivation in Central Europe? In: AFZ (general forest journal) - The forest. Issue 5/2013, pp. 7–9.
- ↑ a b Eckhard Richter: Baumhasel - Stand structure and growth. Oravita - an extraordinary forest in Romania. In: AFZ (general forest journal) - The forest. Issue 5/2014, pp. 13–16.