Pale violet milkling

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Pale violet milkling
The pale violet milkling (Lactarius aspideus)

The pale violet milkling ( Lactarius aspideus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Pale violet milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius aspideus
( Fr. ) Fr.

The pale violet milkling ( Lactarius aspideus ) is a species of fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). The small to medium-sized, inedible Milchling is also called Schild-Milchling or Auen-Schildmilchling . His hat is pale yellow in color and his milk turns purple on the lamellas or in contact with the meat. The very rare and in Germany endangered milkling (RL2) mostly occurs on moist soils under willows, the fruiting bodies appear from August to October.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 1–7 cm wide, initially arched with a rolled edge, then spread out flat and slightly depressed in the middle. The surface is smooth, young fruit bodies have an almost velvety edge, older specimens are shiny. The top is damp and greasy to sticky and finely grooved on the edge. Later it is almost dry and hardly or only indistinctly zoned. The hat is pale straw yellow to cream yellow in color and sometimes also tinged purple. Sometimes it has brownish-gray or ocher-colored, drop-like spots.

The rather dense lamellas are attached to the stem or run down easily. They are rarely forked, sometimes mixed in and colored whitish yellow or creamy yellow. In injured or bruised areas, they turn purple or pale purple.

The cylindrical to club-shaped stem is 1–6.5 cm long and 0.5–1.7 cm wide. The surface is smooth, greasy, pale straw yellow to cream-colored, not pitted but sometimes with darker yellow spots. It also changes color to grayish-purple when injured. The spore powder is pale cream in color.

The white flesh is quite brittle, the handle is more or less firm and slowly turns grayish purple when cut. The purple discoloration disappears after a few hours. It smells slightly fruity and tastes first mild and then bitter. The rather abundant, white milk only turns purple in connection with the meat, but dries in a grayish purple. It too tastes mild at first and then bitter and aromatic.

Microscopic features

The almost spherical to elliptical spores are on average 7.8–8.8 µm long and 6.3–7.4 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.05–1.35. The spore ornament is up to 0.5 µm high and is almost completely reticulated. It is often arranged somewhat like a zebra crossing, isolated warts are rare. The hilly spot is sometimes slightly amyloid towards the edge .

The cylindrical to weakly lobed basidia are 35–40 µm long and 9–11 µm wide and mostly four-, rarely two-pored. The pleural macrocystids are numerous, thin-walled, spindle-shaped, and 40–65 (85) µm long and 6–10 µm wide. The lamellar edges are sterile, on them spindle-shaped to irregularly cylindrical cheilomacrocystidia can be found , which are 30–40 µm long and 6–8 µm wide. The tip is constricted like a pearl necklace (moniliform). There are also paracystids that measure 10–25 × 3–6 µm. They are cylindrical to slightly clubbed and also thin-walled.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 40–70 µm thick ixocutis , its hyphae are 2–4 µm wide.

Species delimitation

The light yellow violet milkling ( Lactarius flavidus ) is very similar and closely related . Some mycologists consider it just a variety of the Pale Violet Milkling. The light yellow violet milkling has larger, stronger and clearly yellow colored fruit bodies and its spores are less well ornamented. It grows under different deciduous trees on less moist, more or less fresh soils.

ecology

The pale violet milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that forms a symbiosis with various types of willow and possibly also with alders. It can be found on moist soils in willow bushes, swamp forests and on the edges of bogs. The fruiting bodies appear from August to October from the lowlands to the higher mountains.

distribution

Distribution of the pale violet milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The pale violet milkling was found in North Asia (Eastern Siberia, Japan, Korea), North America (USA) and in Europe. The "Nordic" and, in continental Europe, montane species have their main distribution in Fennoscandinavia . The Milchling is very rare in Western and Central Europe. The Milchling is also found in the Baltic States and Russia.

In Germany, the fungus is known from Bavaria, Baden-Wuerttemberg, (Saarland), Hesse, Thuringia, Saxony and Lower Saxony, the few remaining populations are strongly endangered by draining the bogs and willow bushes combined with ongoing eutrophication (RL2). The Milchling is also very rare in Switzerland and Austria.

Systematics

The pale violet milkling was first described in 1818 by the Swedish mycologist Elias Fries as Agaricus aspideus , in 1838 Fries placed it in the genus Lactarius , which gave it its current name. Further nomenclature synonyms are L. uvidus var. Aspideus (Fr.) Quél. (1886) and Lactifluus aspideus (Fr .: Fr.) Kuntze (1891)

Further taxonomic synonyms are Agaricus roseoviolascens Lasch (1828) and L. roseoviolascens (Lasch) Romell (1924).

In Lactarius aspideus within the meaning of Bresadola (1927) and Konrad & Maublanc is L. flavidus , the bright yellow violet Milchling in Lactarius aspideus within the meaning of Romell (1924) around the shaggy violet Milchling ( L. repraesentaneus ).

The species attribute ( epithet ) aspideus is derived from the Latin (Greek) word "aspis" / "ἀσπίς" (round shield) and, like the German name Schild-Milchling, is an allusion to the round shield-like hat shape.

Inquiry system

At M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen, the Milchling is in the Aspideini subsection , which in turn is in the Uvidi section. The representatives of the subsection usually have sticky to slimy, yellowish or cream-colored hats and a white milk that turns the flesh purple or purple.

meaning

The rare Milchling is inedible.

literature

  • LR Hesler, Alexander H. Smith: Lactarius aspideus. North American species of Lactarius. In: University of Michigan Herbarium Fungus Monographs / quod.lib.umich.edu. P. 247 f , accessed on September 16, 2011 .
  • Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 (English).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 86 .
  2. ↑ a b c Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, p. 96-97 .
  3. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 363.
  4. ↑ a b c Lactarius aspideus. Pilzoek database, accessed June 25, 2012 .
  5. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Lactarius aspideus. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved June 25, 2012 .
  6. ^ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen et al.: The genus Lactarius (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, p. 271-73 .
  7. ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Lactarius aspideus. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on December 24, 2009 ; Retrieved June 25, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
  8. ↑ Reporting system for vekster: Lactarius aspideus. (No longer available online.) In: artsobservasjoner.no. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012 ; Retrieved June 25, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artsobservasjoner.no
  9. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Lactarius aspideus. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved June 25, 2012 .
  10. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the macromycetes of Central Balkan Mountain (Bulgaria) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  11. ↑ Kuulo Kalamees: Checklist of the species of the genus Lactarius (Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia . In: Folia Cryptogamica Estonica . tape 44 , p. 63-74 ( ut.ee [PDF; 616 kB ]). ut.ee ( Memento of the original from December 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ut.ee
  12. ↑ Grid map of Lactarius aspideus. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012 ; accessed on March 4, 2012 (English).
  13. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved June 25, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
  14. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed June 25, 2012 .
  15. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes mycologicae . Ed .: sumptibus G. Bonnieri [Hauniae]. tape 2 , 1818, p. 189 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
  16. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 336 (Latin, books.google.de ).
  17. ↑ Lucien Quélet: Enchiridion fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia . 1886, p. 128 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
  18. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Part 2. Leipzig / London / Paris 1891, p. 856 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
  19. ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon (=  Fungi Europaei . Band 7 ). 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 221 (Italian).
  20. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: aspis . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 629 ( zeno.org ).
  21. ^ Wilhelm Pape: ἀσπίς . Concise dictionary of the Greek language. tape 1 . Braunschweig 1914, p. 373 ( zeno.org ).
  22. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 (English).

Web links

Commons : Pale Violet Milkling ( Lactarius aspideus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files