Light yellow violet milkling
| Light yellow violet milkling | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The light yellow violet milkling ( Lactarius flavidus ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Lactarius flavidus | ||||||||||||
| Boud. |
The light yellow violet milkling ( Lactarius flavidus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). The rather strong, medium-sized Milchling is also called the Gelber Schild-Milchling , Hain-Schildmilchling or Gelber Milchling . It has a smeary, sticky, yellow to creamy yellow hat, which is often zoned by darker spots. In the event of an injury, the stalk, flesh and lamellae change color from wine-red to purple. The very rare and inedible milkling occurs from summer to autumn in deciduous forests on calcareous soils.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 5–10 cm wide, flatly arched when young, soon completely flattened and more or less depressed in the middle. The surface is matt, finely tomentose, light cream yellow to dirty cream ocher and sometimes yellowish to ocher with small spots zoned. The edge is long, smooth and sharp.
The young creamy white and later pale hat-colored and rather crowded lamellae have grown broadly on the handle or run down a little. When pressed, they turn cloudy red to purple-blotchy. Sometimes some of the lamellae are forked near the handle, the blade edges are smooth.
The cylindrical and soon hollow stalk is 4-6 cm long and 0.8-1.5 (2) cm wide. The surface is smooth to slightly uneven and has white frosting when young. Later it becomes increasingly bald and the yellowish colored stalk becomes ocher-stained, especially towards the base.
The whitish flesh turns wine-red to purple in color after about 15 minutes when cut. It smells faintly fruity and tastes barely pungent, but astringent . The white and hot milk turns purple even without connection to the meat.
Microscopic features
The broadly elliptical to elliptical spores are on average 9.3–10.3 µm long and 7.3–7.7 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.2–1.4. The spore ornament consists of numerous, up to 1 µm high, irregular and mostly pointed warts and some burr ribs, which are only sparsely connected like a network. The Hilarfleck is in the outer region amyloid .
The club-like to bulbous, four-pore basidia are 40–52 µm long and 11–13 µm wide. On the lamellar surfaces there are numerous spindle-shaped pleuromacrocystids , which have an attached tip at their upper end or are in the shape of a string of pearls. They measure 40–90 µm × 6–13 µm. The lamellar edges are sterile and covered with numerous, spindle-shaped, 30–65 µm long and 5–9 µm wide cheilomacrocystidae . In between there are cylindrical to clubbed and two to three-septate paracystidia that measure 9–25 × 4–6 (10) µm.
The hat skin (Pileipellis) is a 100–130 µm thick ixocutis that merges into an ixotrichoderm and consists of irregularly intertwined, partly parallel, 2–4 (10) µm wide, thin-walled, translucent hyphae . In between there are individual lactifera . Everything is weakly gelatinized.
Species delimitation
The Sticky Violet Milkling ( L. uvidus ) and the closely related Pale Violet Milkling ( L. aspideus ) both look quite similar. The pale violet milkling usually has smaller fruiting bodies and spores with ribs that are strongly connected in a network. This milkling can also be found in damp locations such as broken willows or moors where it grows near willows.
The pale milkling ( L. luridus ) and the dry violet milkling ( Lactarius violascens ) also have a certain similarity . But both have darker colored hats. In the case of the pale milkling, the hat is gray-brown to tobacco-brown, in the case of the dry violet-milkling, it is cream-brown and more or less purple and later zoned red-brown to purple-brown and darker.
There are other similar species in the high mountains or in the sub-arctic zone of Northern Europe. The silver arum milkling ( L. dryadophilus ) is a mycorrhizal fungus of the white arum . It has considerably larger macrocystids and white milk that only turns purple in connection with the flesh; other small and thin-fleshed species occur under dwarf or creeping willows.
ecology
The pale yellow violet milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that forms a symbiosis with various deciduous trees. It is mostly found in beech or oak-hornbeam forests under red beech, oak and hornbeam. But it was also found in walnut and ash. The fruit bodies usually appear individually on moderately dry to fresh, neutral to basic and calcareous soils.
distribution
According to Kränzlin, the very rare light yellow violet milkling is a purely European species, although there are also reports from North America (USA) and North Asia (Japan, South Korea).
In Germany, the species is known from Bavaria, Baden-Wuerttemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Thuringia, southern Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt, but everywhere the Milchling is very rare and endangered in most of the locations (RL2). The Milchling is also rare in Austria and Switzerland.
Systematics
The Milchling was described by JLE Boudier in 1887. In 1956 Neuhoff downgraded it to the Lactarius aspideus var. Flavidus variety . Today, however, most mycologists regard it as a separate species. Even with L. aspideus within the meaning of Konrad & Maublanc and within the meaning of Bresadola , as well as L. luridus within the meaning of S. Marchand is the taxon L. flavidus .
The species attribute ( epithet ) " flavidus " means yellowish and is an allusion to the yellowish color of the fruiting bodies, which distinguishes the Milchling from other species from its relatives.
Inquiry systematics
M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen stand the Milchling in the Aspideini subsection , which in turn is in the Uvidi section. The representatives of the subsection usually have sticky to slimy, yellowish or cream-colored hats and a white milk that turns purple or purple in color with or without contact with the meat.
meaning
The Milchling is considered inedible.
Individual evidence
- ^ Jean Louis Émile Boudier: Champignons nouveaux rares ou peu connus de France . In: Bulletin de la Société mycologique de France. tape III , 1887, p. 145 (Latin, French, biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 86 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 62.
- ^ Roger Phillips: Lactarius flavidus. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on June 20, 2011 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (= Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 92-93 (English).
- ↑ a b Lactarius flavidus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 13, 2011 .
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius flavidus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (= Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
- ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ]).
- ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mešic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V. Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae . In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Grid map of Lactarius flavidus. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012 ; accessed on March 3, 2012 .
- ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 363.
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed June 29, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon (= Fungi Europaei . Band 7 ). 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 220-221, 232-237 (Italian).
- ↑ Lactarius flavidus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013 ; accessed on June 29, 2012 .
- ^ Karl Ernst Georges: flavidus . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 2786 ( zeno.org ).
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (= Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 (English).
Web links
- Synonyms of Lactarius flavidus. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- Lactarius flavidus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007 ; accessed on June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).
- Lactarius flavidus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, good photos of the light yellow violet milkling).