Pale Milchling

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Pale Milchling
Bresadola's plate 369, Lactarius luridus as L. uvidus ss. Bres. [1]

Bresadola's plate 369, Lactarius luridus as L. uvidus ss. Bres.

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Pale Milchling
Scientific name
Lactarius luridus
( Pers  .: Fr. ) Gray

The pale milkling ( Lactarius luridus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). The medium to fairly large Milchling is a close relative of the Sticky Violet Milchling. His hat, which is never slimy, is pale brown-gray to beige, more or less zoned and shiny and greasy. The flesh turns purple to purple in color when injured. The inedible milkling grows in lime-rich deciduous forests, mostly with oaks or hornbeams.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 4–6 (8) cm wide, arched flat when young, later spread out flat and more or less depressed in the middle. Sometimes the hat can be slightly hunched. The smooth surface is matt when dry and when wet it is greasy and shiny, but hardly greasy. The hat is grayish-cream to gray-brown in color and sometimes tinged more or less purple. It may be somewhat zoned or spotted concentrically. The darker spots can also be distributed very irregularly. The edge remains curved for a long time. It is smooth, sometimes bent and hairy with fine fluffy hair. The hat can fade with age, especially around the edge.

The rather dense lamellae are attached to the stem or run down a bit. They are light cream colored when young and later become light to wine-brownish. If they are pressed or injured, they turn purple. Some of the lamellae are forked and connected across the stem near the stem. The spore powder is pale cream in color.

The cylindrical to more or less club-like stem is 2–6 (7) cm long and 0.7–2 cm wide. The surface is smooth, dry, whitish to pale cream when young, later yellowish, pale greyish or even flesh stalk. If the stalk is squeezed, it turns more or less purple in color, sometimes it also shows watery spots. The inside of the handle soon becomes hollow.

The meat, which is quite firm, is quite thick and elastic. It is whitish and changes color to purple to purple or wine-reddish after a few minutes when cut. The meat tastes unpleasant, first rancid, then bitter and astringent. The smell is pleasant, slightly sweet to fruity. The pale cream-colored milk is quite plentiful and dries in a purple-gray color, without contact with the meat it does not discolour. Potassium hydroxide does not cause discoloration either. The mild and then bitter tasting milk dries on a paper handkerchief in a dirty grayish color (with violet, later greenish tones).

Microscopic features

The rounded to elliptical spores are on average 8.6–9.7 µm long and 7.0–8.1 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament is up to 1 µm high and consists of a few rather pointed warts and ribs, the majority of which are connected to form a rather incomplete but dense network. The hillock is inamyloid .

The club-shaped, 1–4-spore basidia are 50–80 µm long and 10–14 µm wide. The spindle-shaped pleuromacrocystids , narrowed towards the tip or constricted like a pearl necklace, are few in number and measure 40–105 × 6–13 µm. The lamellar edges are sterile and covered with numerous, more or less spindle-shaped to bottle-shaped cheilomacrocystids . These are 30–65 µm long and 4–8 µm wide, and there are also cylindrical to slightly clubbed, 12–25 µm long and 3–9 µm wide paracystids .

The 40–80 µm thick hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is an ixotrichoderm or an ixocutis composed of parallel to irregularly interwoven, 2–4 µm wide, gelatinized hyphae . The hyphal end cells are rounded and sometimes more or less inflated at their ends.

Species delimitation

The pale milkling, as understood by Basso, Bon and Heilmann-Clausen, is very similar to the sticky violet-milkling ( Lactarius uvidus ) and the zoned violet-milkling ( L. violascens ). The sticky violet-milkling differs in its very slimy, pale violet-beige and unzoned hat and grows with preference in moist, montane locations on acidic soils near birch and spruce. Its spores are less network-like and have more isolated, rounded warts and short ridges. The zoned violet milkling has a higher, up to 1.5 µm high, more pointed and denser spore ornamentation than the pale milkling. Its flesh is much darker purple than that of the pale milkling and the hat is usually more clearly zoned. In addition, the top layer of the hat on both milklings has a much thinner layer of mucus.

It can also be confused with the light yellow violet milkling ( Lactarius flavidus ). This also occurs in deciduous trees on base-rich soils, but usually has significantly lighter and more yellowish fruit bodies.

Ecology and diffusion

Distribution of the pale milkling in Europe.
Legend:
green = countries with found reports
white = countries without evidence
light gray = no data
dark gray = non-European countries

The distribution of the very rare Milchling is still largely unknown, as the species is often not differentiated from very similar and closely related species. According to Heilmann-Clausen, the northern extension of its distribution area extends to southern Scandinavia. Otherwise it has been found in southern Europe (Spain, Italy), western Europe (France and the Benelux countries) and in central Europe (Germany, Austria, Switzerland). The Milchling may be a bit more common in the Mediterranean.

Like all Milchlinge , the Pale Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that is associated with various deciduous trees. It is most often found in fresh to moist, base-rich deciduous and mixed deciduous forests in oak, hornbeam and red beech, in the Mediterranean area also in holm oaks and chestnuts . The fruiting bodies of the rare Milchling appear from summer to autumn, mostly between September and October. They often grow in the midst of heather.

Systematics

Schäffers Agaricus fuscus in Fung. Bavar. Palat. nasc. Vol. 3, plate 235
Sowerbys A. zonarius Tab .: 203 probably shows L. circellatus
Persoon's original Latin diagnosis

“Pileo planiusculo margine deflexo obsolete zonato subviscoso ex cinereo rufescente, lamellis abbreviatis albicantibus, stipite basi villoso. ß? Agaricus fuscus Schaeff. t. 235. In ericetis. Stipes cavus, 2½ unc. longus, ½ unc. crassus. Lamel. arcuatae, lin. 1 latae. Succus demum rubescens. - An a sequente satis diversus. "

The pale Milchling was described in 1801 by CH Persoon under the name Agaricus Lactifluus luridus and sanctioned in 1821 by EM Fries as Agaricus luridus in his "Systema Mycologicum" . In the same year SF Gray placed it in the genus Lactarius in his work "A natural arrangement of British plants" , so that the milkling got its current name. M. Basso names Lactaria lurida Schröter (1889), Lactarius uvidus in the sense of Bresadola and L. violascens in the sense of Dähncke (1200 Pilze, 1993) as taxonomic synonyms . P. Kirk mentions Galorrheus luridus (Pers.) P. Kumm as further synonyms . (1871); Lactarius acris var. Luridus (Pers.) Bataille (1908), Lactarius uvidus var. Luridus (Pers.) Kavina (1929), Lactifluus luridus (Pers.) Kuntze (1891).

However, it is questionable whether Persoon and Gray understood the species as it is interpreted by modern mycologists (Basso, Bon, Heilmann-Clausen). Persoon describes his Agaricus luridus as a slightly smeary, ash-gray to brownish-reddish colored mushroom, with a finally reddening milk, which grows in locations with heather ( Erica ) and is clearly different from Agaricus acris . Fries adopts this description largely in his Systema Mycologicum (1821) and also mentions Plate 203 by Sowerby (1797–1815) as typical illustrations, in addition to Schaeffers, plate no. 235 (1761–1774), which also includes Persoon, however with a qualifying question mark. Both panels show milklings that have too clear zoning for a typical L. luridus . At least Sowerby's illustration certainly does not show L. luridus , but is a good representation of L. circellatus , the banded hornbeam milkling . In his "Epicrisis systematis mycologici" (1838), Fries then deviates significantly from his original description and states that he only saw a dried fruiting body from the milkling. In Sowerby's A. zonarius he now also recognizes L. circellatus . Later (1863) he wrote that he collected this Michling himself in 1848 and that it could be distinguished from similar species such as L. flexuosus , L. circellatus and L. pyrogalus by its reddening milk and other characteristics .

Later mycologists also have difficulties classifying the taxon L. luridus and differentiating it from similar species. Bataille (1908) downgrades the Milchling to the variety of Lactarius acris . Bressolda described L. luridus under the name L. uvidus . Ricken (1915), Lange (1940) and Neuhoff (1956) consider L. luridus to be synonymous with L. violascens . A view that prevailed for a long time. It was only when Blum found a milkling collection whose hat was colored similar to L. uvidus , but whose hat, in contrast to L. uvidus, could also fade almost white and was slightly zoned or, better, darker, concentrically spotted, did French mycologists in particular move away from this position . Bon and Marchand (1980) interpreted Blum's collection as L. luridus , which in their opinion can be clearly distinguished from L. uvidus and L. violascens .

Whether Persoon really had this Milchling in mind for his A. luridus cannot be clarified. In any case, according to Heilmann-Clausen and Basso, there is a milkling whose characteristics are between L. uvidus on the one hand and L. violascens on the other hand, as it can be differentiated from the two species by both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics.

The Latin species attribute " luridus " ( species epithet ) can be translated as pale yellow, pale or deathly pale.

Inquiry systematics

The Milchling is placed in the Uvidini subsection by Bon, Basso and Heilmann-Clausen , which in turn is in the Uvidi section. The representatives of the subsection have a white milk that turns purple or purple in color. Their hats are colored wine-red, gray or brownish and are more or less sticky to slimy. The brim of the hat is sometimes hairy.

meaning

The Milchling is not an edible mushroom.

Translation of the original diagnosis

  1. ↑ Persoon (1801): Agaricus Lactifluus luridus: hat (fairly) flat, edge bent down, indistinctly zoned, hardly smeary, from ash-gray to brownish-reddish, with whitish, shortened lamellae, stem at the base (shaggy / downy) hairy. ß? Agaricus fuscus. Schaeff. t. 235. On heathens. (In locations with heather) Stalk hollow, 2 1/2 unc. long, and l / 2 unc. wide, lamellae arched, 1 lin. wide. (Milk) juice finally reddening. Quite different from the following. (Agaricus acris (= Lactarius acris))

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Giacomo Bresadola: Iconographia Mycologica . Lactarius luridus as L. uvidus ss. Bres. tape 8 , Tab. 367 (Latin, mtsn.tn.it ( memento from February 18, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )). Iconographia Mycologica ( Memento of the original from February 18, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mtsn.tn.it
  2. ^ A b Samuel Frederick Gray: A natural arrangement of British plants . tape I . Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, London 1821, pp. 625 (English, biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  3. ^ A b Synonyms of Lactarius luridus. (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 625 (1821). In: SpeciesFungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved November 1, 2012 .
  4. ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 84-85 (English).
  5. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 78.
  6. ↑ a b c Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon (=  Fungi Europaei . Band 7 ). 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 188, 194-99 (Italian).
  7. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed November 3, 2012 .
  8. ^ Jan Holec, Miroslav Beran: Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic. (PDF; 395 kB) In: wsl.ch. 2007, accessed November 3, 2012 .
  9. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Lactarius luridus. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013 ; accessed on November 3, 2012 .
  10. ↑ Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo: SY769 Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus . (Finnish lamellar and tube mushrooms: ecology, distribution and threat status). Ed .: Esteri Ohenoja. 2005, ISBN 952-11-1997-7 (Finnish, ymparisto.fi [PDF]).
  11. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius luridus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved November 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  12. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved November 3, 2012 .
  13. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved November 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
  14. ^ Jacob Christian Schäffer: Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones; Tomus tertius . Ratisbonae: Typis Keizerianis edition. 1771 ( csic.es [accessed January 25, 2013]).
  15. ↑ James Sowerby ,: Colored figures of English fungi or mushrooms . Ed .: J. Davis. London 1797 (English, archive.org ).
  16. ↑ Christiaan Henrik Persoon: Synopsis methodica fungorum . sistens enumerationem omnium huc usque detectarum specierum, cum brevibus descriptionibus nec non synonymis et observationibus selectis. Henricum Dieterich, 1801, p. 436 (Latin, Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  17. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . tape I . Ex Officina Berlingiana, Lund / Greifswald 1821, p. 65 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  18. ↑ J. Schröter: Cryptogam flora of Silesia . Ed .: F. Cohn. tape 3 : mushrooms, 1st half. JU Kern's Verlag, Breslau 1889, p. 542 ( cybertruffle.org ).
  19. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 126 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  20. ^ Frédéric Bataille : Flore Monographique des Astérosporées, Lactaires et Russules . tape  1 . Besançon 1908, p. 29 (French, cyberliber ).
  21. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Part 2. Leipzig / London / Paris 1891, p. 857 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
  22. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala, p. 343 (Latin, online ).
  23. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae . Volume 2. 1863, p. 176 (Latin, google.de ).
  24. ↑ Jakob Emanuel Lange: Flora agaricina Danica . tape V . Recato, Copenhagen 1940, p. 41 (English, gallica.bnf.fr ).
  25. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: luridus . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 2 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 730 ( zeno.org ).
  26. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 (English).

Web links

Commons : Fahler Milchling ( Lactarius luridus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius luridus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007 ; Retrieved on November 1, 2012 (English, photos and original Latin description).
  • Lactarius luridus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved November 2, 2012 (Italian, good photos of the Fahlen Milchling).