Sticky purple milkling

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Sticky purple milkling
Sticky Violet Milkling (Lactarius uvidus)

Sticky Violet Milkling ( Lactarius uvidus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Sticky purple milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius uvidus
( Fr. ) Fr.

The Sticky violet Milchling or Ungezonte violet Milchling ( Lactarius uvidus ) is a fungal art from the family of Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). The small to medium-sized Milchling has a very greasy, brown-gray hat and white milk that turns purple quickly. It grows in humid locations under spruce and birch in herbaceous deciduous and coniferous forests. The fruiting bodies of the inedible Milchling appear from late July to October.

features

Macroscopic features

The more or less thin, fleshy hat is 3–8 (10) cm wide and arched for a long time. Later it flattens out and with age is often slightly depressed and sometimes has a blunt hump. It is pale purple to ocher or beige in color and is mostly unzoned or only hinted at purple-brown. The hat fades flesh brown with age. The more or less smooth hat skin is sticky to greasy when dry and very slimy when the weather is damp. The initially whitish brim of the hat is smooth and long rolled up. At the edge of the hat, the hat is very pressure-sensitive and quickly turns purple to black-violet when touched by the milk.

The crowded lamellae are initially creamy-white and discolour purple to brown-purple in injured areas. They are thin, approximately horizontal or slightly arched and broadly attached to the stem or run down a little. They can be forked sporadically to numerous.

The cylindrical, whitish stalk is 3–7.5 (10) cm long and 0.8–1.5 (2) cm wide and becomes hollow with age. Sometimes it is spotted a little ocher. The surface is smooth, light cream-colored and sticky to slimy.

The flesh is white, gray-purple under the cap skin and turns purple more or less quickly when cut. It is almost odorless or smells slightly fruity and tastes bitter and astringent, but hardly spicy. The milk, which flows abundantly at the beginning, is white, but turns purple more or less quickly when exposed to air, but only when it is in direct contact with the meat.

Microscopic features

The round to elliptical spores are 8.3–11 µm long and 6.8–8.8 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The approximately 1 µm high spore ornament consists of several warts and ribs that are only partially connected to one another like a network. The four-pore basidia are club-shaped to bulbous and measure 40–60 × 11–13 µm.

The numerous cheilomacrocystids are spindle-shaped to bottle-shaped. They are 30–65 µm long and 6–10 µm wide. The pleuromacrocystids are also spindle-shaped, but only sparsely distributed on the lamellar surface. They are 50–100 µm long and 10–12 µm wide.

The cap skin consists of ascending, sometimes irregularly intertwined, gnarled 1–5 µm wide hyphae . Below there are more or less parallel, 2–4 µm wide hyphae. As is typical for an Ixocutis , the cap skin hyphae are heavily gelatinized.

Species delimitation

The Sticky Violet Milkling is usually quite easy to identify, as there are only a few Milchlings whose milk turns purple and these, in contrast to the Sticky Violet Milchling, are all quite rare. The Milchling could most likely be confused with the closely related zoned violet-Milchling ( Lactarius violascens ). This mushroom grows in the deciduous forest and can be recognized externally by its more reddish-violet to gray-brown colored and always zoned hat. His hat is not slimy even when it is damp, but rather a bit greasy at best. In the zoned violet dairy, only the meat turns purple, while the milk does not change without contact with the meat. It can be recognized under the microscope by its smaller spores.

Other milklings with violet discolouring milk are the violet-milky villi irritant ( Lactarius repraesentaneus ), the shield milkling ( Lactarius aspideus ) and the silver root milkling ( Lactarius dryadophilus ). All three species belong to a different group because of their more or less shaggy cape. Some of them are extremely rare and grow on calcareous soils.

ecology

The sticky violet milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that usually forms a symbiotic partnership with birch trees, and less often with spruce trees. Sometimes it can also be found on willows, alders, ash trees, beeches, buckthorns or other deciduous trees.

The Milchling likes more or less acidic, nutrient-poor and moderately to very moist or changeable soils. It can be found on gleyy or boggy soils in fir, spruce and spruce forests, on the edges of bog , in bank bushes with birch, willow and / or silt trees or in birch or alder quarries and in ash-alder floodplain forests . It occurs only rarely in acid oak and in witchweed woodruff beech forests on pseudo-gleyed soils.

The fruiting bodies appear mostly gregarious from late July to October. The species occurs in Central Europe preferentially in the mountain and hill country.

distribution

Distribution of the sticky violet milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The sticky violet milkling is a Holarctic species that has been found in North Asia (North and East Siberia, Japan, South Korea), North America (Canada, eastern USA, Mexico), Greenland, North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. In Europe, the Milchling is distributed as a temperate to boreal (subarctic-alpine) species, mainly in Central and Northern Europe. The Milchling is quite common in Fennoscandinavia, while it is much rarer in Western and Central Europe. In the north it occurs as far as Arctic-Alpine Lapland and Svalbard.

In Germany, the Milchling occurs from the coast into the Alps, but is very irregular and scattered, as the Milchling is largely absent on lime-rich or highly water-permeable and long-term dry sand and sandstone soils. In some areas, especially in bog areas, the Milchling is not uncommon in places. Otherwise, the Milchling seems to be missing only in Saxony.

The species is declining sharply in Germany. On the red list, it is listed in the risk category RL3. The Milchling is particularly endangered by lowering the groundwater and drainage, as well as by liming and fertilization of forest soils. In Switzerland the species is considered not rare.

Systematics

The sticky violet milkling was first described in 1789 by August Batsch as Agaricus lividorubescens . In 1818 the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries gave it the new, sanctioned name Agaricus uvidus , before placing it in the genus Lactarius in 1838 , so that it got its current scientific name. The Latin epithet " uvidus " means damp or wet, and refers to the location where the milkling can be found.

Inquiry systematics

The Milchling is placed in the Uvidini subsection , which in turn is in the Uvidi section. The representatives of the subsection have a white milk that turns purple or purple in color. Their hats are colored wine-red, gray or brownish, more or less sticky or slimy and sometimes hairy on the edge.

meaning

The Milchling is considered inedible because of its bitter, slightly pungent taste.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 338 (Latin, limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 365.
  3. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 86 .
  4. ↑ a b Ewald Gerhardt (Ed.): Mushrooms Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellae . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 288 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 116.
  6. ↑ Lactarius uvidus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius uvidus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; Retrieved September 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen u. a .: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  9. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  10. ↑ Interactive map of Lactarius uvidus. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on March 3, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / data.nbn.org.uk
  11. ^ TV Andrianova u. a .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on October 18, 2012 ; accessed on March 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  12. ^ August Johann Georg Karl Batsch: Elenchus fungorum. Continuatio secunda . 1789, p. 51, t. 36: 202 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  13. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary :. uvidus. In: zeno.org. 1913, Retrieved May 15, 2012 .
  14. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen u. a .: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 (English).

Web links

Commons : Sticky Violet-Milchling ( Lactarius uvidus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Synonyms of Lactarius uvidus. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
  • Lactarius uvidus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin diagnosis).
  • Lactarius uvidus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Sticky Violett-Milchling).