Zoned violet milkling

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zoned violet milkling
Zoned violet milkling (Lactarius violascens) JE Lange: Flora agaricina Danica. Vol. V, Tab. 173 C.

Zoned violet milkling ( Lactarius violascens ) JE Lange: Flora agaricina Danica. Vol. V, Tab. 173 C.

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Zoned violet milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius violascens
( Fr. ) Fr.

The dry or zoned violet milkling ( Lactarius violascens ) is a species of fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized to large milkling with an ocher-gray to purple-brown, sometimes indistinctly zoned hat that turns dark purple when injured. The very rare species is threatened with extinction in many places and appears in lime-rich deciduous forests with oaks and hornbeams from September to November .

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 4–15 cm wide, arched with a slightly depressed center and an initially curved edge, but which spreads continuously. Old fruiting bodies are often funnel-shaped and have a smooth and sharp edge. The hat surface is smooth or finely wrinkled radially and matt when dry. When wet, the cap skin becomes greasy and slightly shiny, but never slimy. The hat is initially beige-brown and tinted light purple. Later it becomes red- or purple-brown to ocher-gray and is either completely unzoned or indistinctly darker toned-gray-ocher-brown zoned. The edge is usually pale in color.

The lamellas have grown broad or more or less run down the handle. They are of medium width and are rather crowded. They are often forked near the handle. They are pale cream-colored when young and later light ocher-brown and, when injured, change color from wine-reddish-purple to slate-purple. The spore powder is pale cream in color.

The young, full, later narrowly hollow stalk becomes 3–10 cm long and 1–1.5 (2) cm wide. It is cylindrical or tapers towards the base. The surface is smooth, dry and whitish to light cream-colored when young and later from yellow to cream-colored to grayish-ocher. The stalk can be yellow-brown, especially at the base, and injured areas turn purple-purple to dark gray-red.

The whitish flesh is quite firm and elastic and has a hollow handle, later it turns gray-purple to dark purple. In the cut it becomes dark purple-violet after 4–5 minutes. It tastes mild or slightly bitter and smells slightly fruity. The milk is white and unchangeable when it is not in contact with the meat. It also tastes mild and then bitter.

Microscopic features

The almost round to elliptical spores are on average 9.2–9.6 µm long and 7.3–7.7 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.4. The spore ornament consists of ridges of very different heights and widths, which are up to 1.5 µm high and pointed in places. They are connected by finer lines that form an irregular and incomplete network. The hillock is inamyloid .

The almost cylindrical to slightly clubbed and 4-spore basidia are 40–55 µm long and 10–12 µm wide. The 45–80 µm long and 8–13 µm wide pleuromacrocystids are fairly common. They are spindle-shaped or have a slightly constricted tip like a pearl necklace. The lamellar cutting edge is sterile. The 30–70 µm long and 7–11 µm wide cheilomacrocystids are common. They are spindle-shaped and often have a strongly constricted tip like a pearl necklace. The Paracystiden are cylindrical to club-shaped and measure 10–35 × 4–8 µm.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 100–200 µm thick ixocutis or an ixotrichoderm . The 1–4 µm wide hyphae are thin-walled, hyaline, shriveled and gelatinized, especially in the upper layer.

Species delimitation

In comparable locations, there are also two violet-milking species, the pale milkling ( L. luridus ) and the light yellow violet-milkling ( L. flavidus ). The very similar and closely related pale Milchling only changes color to pale purple to light purple when cut and not as dark purple as the Gezonte Violet Milchling. Microscopically, it differs through a lower spore ornament and the lack of extracellular pigments in the cap skin, which are recognizable in the zoned violet milkling as dark brown granules.

The light yellow violet milkling, on the other hand, has creamy yellow fruiting bodies and milk that turns violet even without connection to the meat.

ecology

The zoned violet milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiotic relationship with oak, hornbeam or red beech . It can be found on the edges of forests and roads in birch and hornbeam-oak forests. He likes base-rich and nutrient-rich soils over lime, sand-lime or silicate rock soils that are not too base-poor. The fruiting bodies appear mostly gregarious from September to November.

distribution

Distribution of the Montanen zoned violet milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The Milchling was found in North Asia (Japan Korea), North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. It is more or less widespread throughout Western and Central Europe, but is rare almost everywhere. It is also found in Fennoscandinavia, where it is widespread but also rare.

The red list of large mushrooms in Germany lists the species as critically endangered (endangerment category 1). In Switzerland it can be quite common in certain years.

Systematics

The Zoned Violet-Milchling was first described by J. Otto as Agaricus violescens in 1816 . In 1838 Fries placed it in the genus Lactarius , so that it received its species name, which is valid today. Further nomenclature synonyms are: Lactarius uvidus var. Violascens (J. Otto: Fr.) Quél. (1888) and Lactifluus violascens (J. Otto: Fr.) Kuntze (1891). In addition, the Milchling is synonymous with Lactarius luridus in the sense of Bataille (1908), Ricken (1915), Saccardo (1919) and Nüesch (1921).

Inquiry systematics

The Zoned Violet-Milchling is placed by Bon, Basso and Heilmann-Clausen in the Uvidini subsection , which in turn is in the Uvidi section. The representatives of the subsection have a white milk that turns purple or purple in color. Their hats are colored wine-red, gray or brownish and more or less sticky to slimy. The brim of the hat is sometimes hairy.

meaning

The zoned violet-Milchling is inedible.

literature

  • Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 (English).
  • Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 86 .

Web links

Commons : Zoned Violett-Milchling ( Lactarius violascens )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius violascens. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin description).
  • Lactarius violascens. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, good photos of the zoned Violett-Milchling).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Synonyms of Lactarius violascens. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
  2. ↑ a b c Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 86-87 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 120.
  4. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 367.
  5. ↑ Lactarius violascens in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  6. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius violascens . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 14, 2011.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  7. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 271-73 .
  8. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]).
  9. ↑ Editor: Rote Liste Zentrum: Detail page - Rote Liste. Retrieved March 29, 2020 .
  10. ↑ JG Otto: Attempt of an arrangement and description of the Agaricorum based on the order and position of the lamellae . Ed .: Gerh. Butcher the Younger. Leipzig 1816 ( Google eBook ).
  11. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 344 (Latin, online ).
  12. ↑ Lucien Quélet: Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes, par Lucien Quélet . 1888 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
  13. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Pars 2. Leipzig 7 London / Paris 1891, p. 857 ( Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  14. ^ Frédéric Bataille : Flore Monographique des Astérosporées, Lactaires et Russules . Ed .: F.Bataille, Besançon. Vol 1, 1908, pp.  35 (French, cyberliber ).
  15. ^ A b c Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 181, 215 (Italian).
  16. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 23-28 .