Olive brown milkling

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Olive brown milkling
2011-09-17 Lactarius turpis (Weinm.) Fr 169821 cropped.jpg

Olive-brown milkling ( Lactarius turpis )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Olive brown milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius turpis
( Weinm. ) Fr.

The olive-brown Milchling ( Lactarius turpis , Syn. : L. plumbeus , L. necator ), also Tannenreizker or murder sponge called, is a type of fungus from the family of Täublingsverwandten . The medium-sized to large Milchling has an olive-green, then black-brown hat that is very slimy when wet. The milk is white and tastes very hot. The Milchling is widespread and frequent, especially in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. It is a mycorrhizal fungus that is mainly associated with birch and spruce. The mushroom is considered inedible in southern and central Europe, but in northern and eastern Europe it is a popular edible mushroom after appropriate pretreatment. The fruiting bodies appear between July and October.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 6–20 cm wide. It initially has a curled edge and a slightly depressed center. Its surface is olive brown or yellowish gray and is often slimy and sticky. Young specimens have velvety zones on the edge. As it ages, the hat becomes funnel-shaped and the color darkens to almost black.

The lamellas are dirty white with dark spots of dried milk, which is initially white. The slats are a bit curved.

The stem is about 7 cm long, 3 cm thick and colored similar to the hat. It can be pitted and quickly becomes hollow.

The flesh is cheeky white and browns quickly in the open air. It shows a purple-purple discoloration when reacted with potassium hydroxide or ammonia . The taste, especially that of milk, is bitter; the mushroom itself has a barely pronounced odor.

Microscopic features

Spores of the olive-brown milkling ( Lactarius turpis ) under the light microscope

The 5.9–8.3 µm long and 5.1–6.5 µm wide spores are rounded to broadly elliptical. The Q value (spore length / spore width) is 1.1 to 1.4. The spore ornament is up to 0.8 µm high and consists of a few individual warts and ribs, most of which are connected like a network. The basidia measure 40–47 × 8–10 µm. They are cylindrical to bulbous or club-like and each carry 4 sterigms . The numerous 30–60 µm long and 6–10 µm wide cheilomacrocystids are spindle-shaped to awl-shaped and mostly drawn out to a point at the top. The pleuromacrocystidia have a similar shape, but are less often drawn out at the tip. They are 45–70 µm long and 6–11 µm wide, and are not as numerous. The cap skin consists mostly of parallel hyphae that are 2.5–6 µm wide. In the upper part, however, there are many ascending hyphae and, in between, individual lactifera . The hyphae are heavily gelatinized. In KOH, the hyphae and the gelatinous mass turn wine-red.

Species delimitation

Because of its dark colors, the olive-brown milkling is an easily recognizable species that can hardly be confused with other Milchling. Its hat is dark olive-green in young fruiting bodies and then turns brown-black. The edge remains greenish-yellow for a long time. If you put KOH on the hat skin, it turns wine red. Even under the microscope, the gelatinous skin hyphae turn wine-red with a 3% KOH solution. You won't find a similar reaction in any other European Milchling.

Ecology and phenology

Like all Milchlinge, the olive-brown Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that forms a symbiotic partnership with spruce and birch in particular. The Milchling can therefore be found mainly in spruce, fir and spruce forests or in the corresponding coniferous forests. The Milchling grows on fresh to moist soils that are poor in bases and nutrients. It is often found on sandy, clay and loam soils that are covered by a thick layer of needle litter and raw humus. The fungus can also be found under conifers and birches in woodruff beech forests and in heavily acidified hollows covered with peat moss in woodruff beech or woodruff and sessile oak forests. Furthermore, it can occasionally be found at the edges of bog and other water locations.

The fruiting bodies appear from July to the end of October, and supernatural fruiting bodies can sometimes be found until January.

distribution

Distribution of the olive-brown milkling in Europe. Green: Milchling has been detected, white: Milchling is missing, gray: no sources

The olive brown milkling was found in Australia, New Zealand, North America (Canada, USA) and North Asia (Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan and South Korea). However, it is not certain whether the occurrences in Australia and New Zealand are indigenous and belong to the natural range of the species. In Europe, the Milchling is widespread in almost all countries and is extremely common in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. In Germany, the species is fairly dense from Sylt to the Alps.

Taxonomy

This very variable fungus demonstrates a common phenomenon in mycology , namely a great disagreement in naming. The three main scientific names

are usually, but not always, considered to be synonymous with the same species. The specific names necator and plumbeus were both coined by Jean Baptiste François Bulliard as Agaricus necator (1781) and Agaricus plumbeus (1793), but there has been and is disagreement as to which mushroom is meant by this. The name turpis is the Latin word for "ugly". It was given by Johann Anton Weinmann and adopted by Fries in 1838. Plumbeus also refers to the appearance of this milkling, it is Latin for “lead” and in this case refers to the color of the mushroom fruit bodies (in the sense of lead color ).

meaning

It has been reported that this mushroom contains the mutagen necatorin (7-Hydroxycoumaro [5,6- c ] cinnoline), so it cannot be recommended for consumption. Cooking reduces the concentration of the active ingredient, but does not destroy it completely.

Due to its pungent taste, most western authors classify the olive-brown milk ling as inedible or not very desirable. However, after thorough boiling, it was often used as a spice in Northern and Eastern Europe and in Siberia and is still offered today as a salted preserve. In Russia and the Baltic States it is considered a good edible mushroom and one of the best mushrooms for pickling in salt.

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literature

  • Edmund Garnweidner: GU natural guide mushrooms . 2nd Edition. Gräfe and Unzer, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-7742-2216-9 , pp. 164 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 116.
  2. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 374.
  3. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius turpis . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  4. ↑ Lactarius turpis in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  5. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  6. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0088/0289.htm cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed August 31, 2011]). Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  7. ↑ Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms . Paul Parey, Hamburg, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-490-19818-2 , pp. 86 .
  8. ↑ David N. Pegler: Mushrooms . Hallwag, Bern, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-444-70136-5 , pp. 97 .
  9. ↑ Machiel E. Noordeloos, Thomas W. Kuyper: Notulae ad Floram agaricinam neerlandicam XXXV - On the typification of Lactarius necator . In: Persoonia . tape 17 , no. 2 , 1999, ISSN  0031-5850 ( abstract from nationaalherbarium.nl on web.archive.org [accessed on August 3, 2017]).
  10. ↑ Garnweidner
  11. ↑ T. Suortti: Stability of necatorin, a highly mutagenic compound from Lactarius necator mushroom . In: Food and Chemical Toxicology . tape 22 , no. 7 , July 1984, p. 579-581 , doi : 10.1016 / 0278-6915 (84) 90229-1 , PMID 6547686 .
  12. ^ A. von Wright, T. Suortti: Preliminary characterization of the mutagenic properties of 'necatorin', a strongly mutagenic compound of the mushroom Lactarius necator " . In: Mutation Research . Volume 121 , no. 2 , August 1983, p. 103-106 , doi : 10.1016 / 0165-7992 (83) 90107-0 , PMID 6348529 .
  13. ↑ Kuulo Kalamees & Vello Liiv: 400 Eesti Seent . Eesti Loodusfoto, Tartu 2005, ISBN 978-9985-830-63-5 , p. 258 .

Web links

Commons : Lactarius turpis ( Weinm. ) Fr.  - Olivbrauner Milchling, Tannenreizker  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Lactarius turpis ( Weinm. ) Fr.  - Olivbrauner Milchling, Tannenreizker  - species directory
Wiktionary: Tannenreizker  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations