Alternating blue noble charm
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Alternating blue noble irritant ( Lactarius quieticolor ) |
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| Lactarius quieticolor | ||||||||||||
| Romagn. |
The alternating blue noble irritant ( Lactarius quieticolor , syn .: Lactarius hemicyaneus ) is a type of fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). The very rare, medium-sized milkling has an almost reddish-gray to cinnamon-brown, very variably colored hat and grows under pine trees on acidic soils. Young specimens in particular are often greenish-blue in color under the surface of the hat. The fruiting bodies appear between August and October. The edible milkling is also called blue milk pine stimulator or brown pine blood stimulator .
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 3–7 (11) cm wide, initially flat arched with a strongly curved edge, later flattened and more or less depressed in the middle. The surface is smooth, matt to silky and glossy and greasy and shiny with young fruit bodies or damp weather. The hat is more or less clearly zoned, especially towards the edge. The hat color is very variable. The hat can be pale greyish-ocher in color and have a whitish edge and greyish-ocher-yellow to gray-brown, usually clearly dripping zones, or grayish-pink to pink-clay-colored and brick-colored zoned or have dark brick-colored spots. Sometimes the hat is also ocher to cream-colored or even brownish-olive, clay-brown or cinnamon-colored and dark greenish in the middle, especially with young fruiting bodies. Sometimes the hat is pale blue-gray to pink-gray and has darker, bluish-green areas. With age, the entire fruiting body can turn grayish-green to greenish-gray. The whitish fringed edge remains curved and smooth for a long time.
The young cream-colored and later lively orange-ocher colored lamellae run more or less down the stem. They are sometimes forked and their smooth edges are somewhat paler in color than the surfaces. Injured and bruised areas turn greenish, later wine-reddish or purple. The spore powder is pale pink-ocher yellow.
The cylindrical or downwardly narrowed stalk is 2–6 cm long and 1–2.5 cm wide. The surface is smooth, more or less dry, pale salmon-colored to pink-gray, later also greenish-ocher or reddish-ocher in color. At the tip of the handle below the lamellae, the handle often has a ring-like, whitish collar. Sometimes it is also dripping, spotted darker. The stalk spots often turn pale green in older fruiting bodies.
The meat is thick and firm when young, but soon becomes increasingly hollow in the handle. In the cut it is whitish to pale cream-colored on the inside and becomes vivid orange to coral-red on the outside, sometimes you can also find a greenish-blue zone below the surface of the hat. The orange colored meat turns yellowish brown to brownish wine red very slowly. It only smells faintly and tastes pleasantly mild, but becomes more or less bitter after a while. The orange-colored, mild-tasting milk is rather sparse and turns reddish in color within 20 minutes to an hour before it dries greenish on the meat and lamellas.
Microscopic features
The round to broadly elliptical spores are on average 8.3–8.9 µm long and 6.8–7.5 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament is up to 0.7 (1.0) µm high and consists of warts and ribs, some of which are arranged like zebra stripes and are often connected to one another, but only occasionally form closed meshes. Isolated, often burr, elongated warts are quite common. The Hilarfleck is in the outer region amyloid .
The cylindrical, club-shaped to bulbous basidia measure 37–55 × 8–12 µm and are mostly 4-spore. The lanceolate pleural macrocystids are quite numerous and measure 65–100 × 8–10 µm. They protrude far and are sometimes pale yellow in color. The lamellar edges are heterogeneous, in addition to the basidia there are numerous, narrow spindle-shaped to awl-shaped cheilomacrozystidae , the tip of which is sometimes constricted like a string of pearls. They are 30–70 µm long and 6.5–10 µm wide.
The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 200-300 µm thick ixotrichoderm , made up of irregularly intertwined, mostly ascending, translucent, 2-3 µm wide hyphae .
Species delimitation
The noble irritant ( Lactarius deliciosus ) can look very similar and is often difficult to distinguish. His hat is more or less orange in color and often banded with whitish tones, while the alternating blue Edelreizker usually has a pale and duller colored hat reminiscent of the oak milkling ( Lactarius quietus ). In the case of the Edel-Reizker the stem is usually clearly pitted, in the case of the alternating blue it is usually only speckled with drops. Another feature is the orange-colored milk, which in the case of the Edel-Reizker slowly turns red after 30 minutes at the earliest, while in the case of the alternating blue a red color is already visible after 20 minutes. In addition, the Edel-Reizker grows on neutral to calcareous soils, while the alternating blue is found on moister, acidic soils. Microscopically, the two species differ in that the alternating blue noble irritant has very coarsely ornamented spores with thick ribs or combs.
ecology
Like all Milchlinge , the alternating blue noble irritant is a mycorrhizal fungus that is associated with pine trees. It is therefore found in pine forests and forests, but probably also in other forest communities with interspersed pines. The fungus prefers acidic, alkaline and lime-poor sandy and silicate soils. Its fruiting bodies appear solitary to gregarious between August and October.
distribution
The Wechselblue Edelreizker is a rare, purely European dairy species that is widespread in Western, Central and Northern Europe. The Milchling has not yet been detected on the Irish island and there is no evidence from Eastern Europe either. In Scandinavia, the species can be quite common, at least locally.
Systematics
In 1958, H. Romagnesi described the two species Lactarius quieticolor and Lactarius hemicyaneus and separated them from Lactarius deliciosus due to the more dull brownish hat color and their rounder, coarsely ornamented spores . In 1976 the species was downgraded by J. Blum and 1991 by Krieglsteiner as Lactarius deliciosus var. Quieticolor to the variety. Lactarius hemicyaneus Romagn are now considered to be further taxonomic synonyms . , Lactarius deliciosus var. Hemicyaneus (Romagn.) Krieglst. (1991), Lactarius quieticolor var. Hemicyaneus (Romagn.) Basso (1999), Lactarius pinastri Romagn. (1980) and Lactarius quieticolor f. semisanguinascens Bon (1973).
As early as 1958 Romagnesi considered Lactarius hemicyaneus and Lactarius quieticolor to be very similar and admitted that the two taxa could only be two varieties of the same species. On the other hand, he considered the blue color of Lactarius hemicyaneus to be a very serious feature, at least serious enough to describe the two taxa as separate species. In 1980 Bon went one step further by placing Lactarius hemicyaneus in the Stirpus Indigo because of this characteristic . The Stirpus Indigo combines milklings with an at least partially blue-colored milk.
On the other hand, the importance of this feature as a species criterion has since been questioned by several authors. As early as 1976, Blum questioned Lactarius hemicyaneus as an independent species and attributed the blue color to ecological factors or a mutation. Krieglsteiner also downgraded the species to a variety in 1991 after observing a reproductive mycelium for years. He had found that the blue color of the fruiting bodies became weaker year after year until this feature had completely disappeared, so that the fruiting bodies could no longer be distinguished from Lactarius quieticolor in any way . Heilmann-Clausen therefore considered both species to be conspecific and combined them to form the species Lactarius quieticolor . On the other hand, he believed that there were sufficient macro- and microscopic features with which one could distinguish Lactarius quieticolor from Lactarius deliciosus , so a differentiation as an independent species was justified. In 2007, J. Nuytinck and others examined the Deliciosi section from a molecular biological point of view and were able to show that Lactarius quieticolor , Lactarius hatsudake and Lactarius horakii (the latter two East Asian species) form an independent lineage within the section. Their results clearly show that Lactarius deliciosus , the noble irritant, and Lactarius quieticolor , the alternating blue noble irritant, are two distinct, genetically well separated species.
The species attribute (epithet) "quieticolor" means, like the oak milkling ( Lactarius quietus ) colored.
Inquiry systematics
The alternating blue noble irritant is placed in the Deliciosi section ( Syn .: Dapetes ). Molecular biological investigations showed that this section forms a phylogenetically clearly delimited group within the genus Lactarius . The representatives of the section usually have an orange or reddish colored milk and usually taste mild or slightly bitter. They are strict mycorrhizal fungi of conifers. Within the European species, the closest relative of the alternating blue noble irritant is the also externally very similar noble irritant ( Lactarius deliciosus ).
meaning
The mild-tasting alternating blue noble irritant is edible.
literature
- Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. tape 2 , 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 (English).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. tape 2 , 1998, p. 142-145 .
- ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 92.
- ↑ a b J. Nuytinck, A. Verbeken: Morphology and taxonomy of the European species in Lactarius sect. Deliciosi (Russulales) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 92 , 2005, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 136 (English, online [accessed September 17, 2011]).
- ↑ a b c Lactarius repraesentaneus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius quieticolor . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
- ↑ a b Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. tape 2 , 1998.
- ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Grid map of Lactarius quieticolor. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on March 3, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 252, 271-280 (Italian).
- ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 351.
- ↑ Jorinde Nuytinck, Annemieke Verbeken: Worldwide phylogeny of Lactarius section Deliciosi inferred from ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences . In: The Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 99 , no. 6 , 2007, p. 820-832 . ( online [accessed September 20, 2011]).
Web links
- Synonyms of Lactarius quieticolor. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- Lactarius quieticolor. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).
- Lactarius quieticolor. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, good photos of the Wechselblauen Edel-Milchling).
