Dark coconut flake milkling

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Dark coconut flake milkling
Lactarius mammosus I Sumava CZ.jpg

Dark coconut flake milkling ( Lactarius mammosus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Dark coconut flake milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius mammosus
Fr.

The dark coconut flake milkling or dark scented milkling ( Lactarius mammosus , syn .: Lactarius fuscus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized milkling with a dry, gray-brown hat that smells very characteristic of coconut flakes. It grows on dry, sandy soils under conifers or birches. The fruiting bodies appear from late July to mid-October. The Milchling is not an edible mushroom.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 3–6 (–12) cm wide, initially flatly arched, but soon spread out to slightly depressed. In the middle it usually has a small, pointed hump, which often disappears with age. The hat skin is smooth to finely velvety and often tears in a fine, fibrous and flaky manner towards the edge. When damp, the hat skin is greasy and sticky. The hat is gray-brown to olive-brown, sometimes also gray-reddish or purple-tinted and often has a darker center. Sometimes the hat is also somewhat zoned. The edge of the hat is initially rolled up and later it is not uncommon for it to be bent in a wavy and grooved manner.

The seldom forked and more often mixed in lamellas are attached to the stem or run down easily. They are rather crowded and when young are whitish to pale yellow in color and then become cream-ocher and later dark-ocher to cloudy cream-orange. The blade edges are smooth and the spore powder is creamy yellow to ocher in color.

The cylindrical and initially full and firm stem is 2–5 (–7) cm long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide. The stem base is sometimes a little thickened. The initially fluffy, frosted surface is soon bare. It is smooth to fine veined and whitish to lightly loose when young and later to pink or ocher brown.

The thin, crumbly flesh is whitish to skin-colored and smells weak when young and later clearly of coconut flakes. It tastes sharp to hot and usually bitter. The watery-white, unchangeable milk initially flows abundantly. At first it tastes mild, but soon it tastes hot and bitter.

Microscopic features

The almost round to elliptical spores are on average 7.0–7.6 µm long and 5.2–5.8 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.4. The spore ornament consists of 0.5–1 µm high, burr-like elongated warts, most of which are connected burrs and are often arranged in the manner of zebra stripes. They form a network with numerous closed meshes. The hillock is inamyloid or irregularly amyloid in the outer part.

The largely four-pore, cylindrical to bulbous basidia measure 35–45 × 7–11 µm. The pleural macrocystids are quite numerous, measuring 45–75 × 6.5–9.5 µm. They are cylindrical to spindle-shaped or slightly clubbed and blunt at their upper end. The lamellar edges are mostly sterile and covered with numerous spindle-shaped to awl-shaped 20–50 µm long and 5.5–9.5 µm wide cheilomacrocystids . The tip is usually blunt.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a weakly differentiated cutis with interspersed trichoderm-like elements. It consists largely of parallel hyphae 3–12 µm wide . Individual hyphae ends can be curved upwards, while others protrude in a tufted manner. The walls of the hyphae are only weakly gelatinized.

Species delimitation

The pale coconut flake milkling ( L. glyciosmus ) is very similar and also smells of coconut flakes. He is a strict birch companion that grows on moister, nutrient-poor and more acidic soils. Its fruit bodies are significantly lighter and usually also thinner. It never has a grooved, notched brim, its spurs are also somewhat more rounded and the spore ornament is more zebra-like and less network-like.

ecology

The dark coconut flake milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that mostly has a symbiotic relationship with spruce and less often with pines. Birches should also be able to serve as hosts.

The Milchling can be found in spruce, fir and spruce forests and in spruce forests on moderately dry to fresh, base-poor and nutrient-poor, often silty, sandy and humic soils. Together with spruce, they can occasionally be found in the corresponding grove beech forests and on the edges of raised bogs. The fruiting bodies appear in late July to mid-October, mostly in the hills and mountains. They usually grow on bare soils, but they can also grow on soils covered by mosses, soil lichens and coniferous layers.

distribution

Distribution of the dark coconut flake milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The dark coconut flake milkling is probably a purely European species. It is rare in southern Europe, but has been found in northern Italy and sporadically in Spain. In Western and Central Europe the Milchling is scattered to rare, but in Northern Europe it is common and widespread throughout Fennoscandinavia and northward to Lapland.

In Germany, the Milchling is seldom to very dispersed north of the 51st parallel and is regionally widespread south of it in mountainous areas with acidic soil. The stocks are mainly concentrated in the mountains. It is absent in limestone and marl areas, as well as in all low and hilly areas. In North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein the Milchling is endangered (RL3) and in Hesse and the Saarland strongly endangered (RL2).

Systematics

The dark coconut flake milkling was described in 1836 by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as Agaricus mammosus . This name is incorrect from a taxonomic point of view because Carl von Linné had already described another taxon (Entoloma mammosum (L.) Hesler ) under the same name in 1753 . In 1838 Fries placed the species in the genus Lactarius , so that the Milchling received its name, which is valid today. Lactifluus mammosus is a nomenclature synonym, since O. Kuntze placed the Milchling in his newly defined genus Lactifluus in 1891 . There are also other taxonomic synonyms. The most important are the taxon Lactarius confusus described by S. Lundell in 1939 , the taxon Lactarius fuscus described by Rolland in 1899 and the taxon Lactarius hibbardae described by Peck in 1908 .

The Latin species attribute ( epithet ) " mammosus " means teat-shaped and probably refers to the hat, which is often hunched like a teat.

Inquiry systematics

At M. Bon and M. Basso , the dark coconut flake milkling is in the Colorati section . The representatives of the section have hats that are not greasy to more or less felt and often sparse and / or watery milk. In Heilmann-Clausen et al. the Milchling is in the Coloratini subsection , which is in the Colorati section together with the sister taxon Rufini .

meaning

The dark coconut flake milkling is not an edible mushroom.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 88 .
  2. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 194 .
  3. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 80.
  4. ↑ a b c Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 172-173 (English).
  5. ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 415.
  6. ↑ Lactarius mammosus in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius mammosus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on December 4, 2015 ; Retrieved September 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  9. ↑ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red list and species directory of the Sprödblättler - Russulales - in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF [50 KB]) (No longer available online.) In: lanuv.nrw.de. Ministry of Environment and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, 2009, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved March 10, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  10. ↑ Matthias Lüderitz: The large mushrooms Schleswig-Holstein - Red List. (PDF [880 KB]) Volume 3 Non-leaf mushrooms (Aphyllophorales) Deaf and milk lice (Russulales). In: Umweltdaten.landsh.de. State Office for Nature and Environment of the State of Schleswig-Holstein, 2001, accessed on March 10, 2012 .
  11. ↑ Ewald Langer: Red list of large mushrooms in Hesse. (PDF [540 KB]) (No longer available online.) In: hessen.de. Hessian Ministry for Environment, Agriculture and Forests, 2000, formerly in the original ; Retrieved March 10, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hessen.de  
  12. ↑ Dr. Johannes A. Schmitt: Red list of the mushrooms of the Saarland. (PDF [160 KB]) Retrieved March 20, 2012 .
  13. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 347 (Latin, online ).
  14. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Pars 2. Leipzig / London / Paris 1891, p. 856 ( Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  15. ^ Synonyms of Lactarius mammosus. Fr., Epicr. syst. mycol. (Upsaliae): 347 (1838) [1836-1838]. In: cbs.knaw.nl. CBS Fungual Biodiversity Center, accessed March 20, 2012 .
  16. ^ A b c Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 457-58, 482-87 (Italian).
  17. ↑ Gottlieb-Wilhelm Bischoff: Textbook of botany. In: books.google.de. Retrieved March 20, 2012 .

Web links

Commons : Dark Coconut Flake Milkling ( Lactarius mammosus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius mammosus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).
  • Lactarius mammosus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Dark Coconut Flake Milchling).