Woolly Milchling
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Woolly milkling ( Lactarius vellereus ) |
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| Lactifluus vellereus | ||||||||||||
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The woolly milkling ( Lactifluus vellereus , Syn .: Lactarius vellereus ), also called earth slide , velvety milkling or mild milk wool sponge , is a common fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is characterized by a whitish, woolly felted hat in the shape of a bowl, as well as burning hot meat that secretes a lot of white milk and distant lamellas. The fruit bodies are usually to be found gregarious, often relatively large and often covered with soil or parts of plants.
features
Macroscopic features
The Wollige Milchling has an unzoned, chalk-white hat that sometimes has ocher-colored spots; later they appear more cloudy yellowish. At first the cap is arched and a little deepened in the middle, later it spreads and has a fairly wide, bowl-shaped dent. The edge is initially rolled up, later it is sharply demarcated and is wavy and curved. The surface is dry and, at least in young specimens, clearly woolly and downy. At the edge of the hat it is quite thickly woolly and felted. The hat skin becomes bald over time and can become cracked. The hat reaches a diameter between 8 and 30 centimeters. It is very stiff, tough and firm-fleshed.
The lamellae are initially tinted pale white, but later change to a pale yellowish ocher to reddish flesh. The edges are then light yellow. At first they are relatively close together, but are soon clearly spaced apart. In addition, they are often forked and not very high. Their consistency is thick and rigid. They run down a bit, but some are slightly bulged. Sometimes they form small cross connections ( anastomoses )
The handle is located centrally or slightly eccentrically on the hat. It is usually cylindrical in shape and tinted whitish or slightly lemon yellow. Pressure points turn light ocher fox. It reaches a length of two to six centimeters and a thickness of two to five centimeters. The consistency is hard and full-bodied. The surface is initially covered with cotton wool-like, delicately fluffy hairs, but loses this covering later. At the base there is a whitish-gray mycelium in which there are clumped pieces of humus .
The flesh is whitish, firm and hard. It has a crumbly, grainy consistency and is difficult to decompose. The smell is reminiscent of the common white deaf ( Russula delica ). After cutting it up and lying there for a long time, it usually turns slightly pinkish-violet on the edge, otherwise pale creamy yellow. With guaiac it reacts immediately and persistently strong green, with guaiacol it immediately reacts purely pinkish-purple with a little orange tint; later it turns wine-red to purple-black. With iron sulfate , the meat immediately turns pink, and after ten minutes, it turns dirty carmine pink with gray-brown parts.
The milk is white. When it dries on glass, it turns yellowish sulfur. Young specimens give off plenty of milk, but when dry, there is hardly any milk. Without any connection with the meat, it tastes almost mild, but a bit bitterly scratchy. It does not react with potassium hydroxide , blue with litmus due to the alkaline pH value .
Microscopic features
The spores are whitish and rounded to broadly ellipsoidal; they measure 7.5–9.5 x 6.5–8.5 micrometers. Delicate ornaments can be seen in Melzer's reagent . The surface is covered with small warts that are partially connected to each other by fine lines. The cystids are usually spindle-shaped or bulbous in shape and rounded at the tip. They are abundant on the lamellar surfaces and edges. In between there are numerous milky sap hyphae.
Erect, somewhat thick-walled hyphae arise from the spherocytes of the hat cover layer and form the hat felt. In between there are numerous milky sap hyphae that run almost to the surface of the hat.
Species delimitation
Outwardly, the rarer sponge wool sponge ( Lactifluus bertillonii ) can hardly be distinguished . It reacts golden yellow in a few seconds with potassium hydroxide and its milk tastes fiery hot even without contact with the meat. The long-stemmed pepper-milkling ( Lactifluus piperatus ) is similar , but has a smooth hat and thicker lamellas. In addition, it is usually smaller and has a longer stem. There is also a possibility of confusion with the common white deaf ( Russula delica ), which, however, does not produce milk.
The Scharfe Woll-Milchling can usually hardly be distinguished by its appearance. The example shown comes from West Siberia.
The long-handled pepper milkling is usually smaller and has more dense lamellae.
The green pepper-milkling is similar to the long-stemmed pepper-milkling and also has a slowly gray-green drying milk.
The pink- edged Milchling has clearly pink-tinted slats
The common white-blubber often looks similar, but has no milky sap.
ecology
The woolly milk ling can be found mainly in warm beech , beech-fir and fir and oak-hornbeam forests . There it colonizes fresh, not too nutrient-rich brown earth , which is usually well supplied with bases. The starting rocks are solid and stratified rocks containing bases, especially limestone , marl and basalt . It can also be found above silicates with a high feldspar content such as gneiss and granite . It is seldom found on acidic or superficially acidic soils, such as corresponding spruce, fir and spruce forests. The fungus can occasionally be found in clearings, roadsides, in parks and gardens.
The Wollige Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that lives in symbiosis with deciduous and coniferous trees . The most common partner is the European beech ; the spruce and other tree species follow at a great distance . The fruiting bodies appear from July to November, especially September and October.
distribution
The woolly Milchling is common in the Holarctic , where it can be found in North America, Europe, North Africa and the Canary Islands, as well as in North Asia. In Europe, the area stretches from the Hebrides and Great Britain and France in the west over all of Central Europe to Northern Europe and to Hungary in the east and Serbia and Italy in the south.
Systematics
The milkling was first described in 1821 by the Swedish mycologist EM Fries as Agaricus vellereus . In 1838 Fries placed it in the genus Lactarius , so that it got its name, which is still valid today. Nomenclatory synonyms are: Galorrheus vellereus (Fr.) P. Kumm. , and Lactifluus vellereus (Fr .: Fr.) Kuntze (1891). Other taxonomic synonyms are Lactarius albivellus Romagn. (1980) and Lactarius velutinus Bertillon (1868), which in 1908 was downgraded to a variety of L. vellereus by Bataille .
Since molecular biological investigations showed that the genus Lactarius is not monophyletic and that it splits into two lineages, A. Verbeken suggested placing the milklings from the Albati section in the genus Lactifluus previously proposed by Bart Buyck . The "new" genus Lactifluus is otherwise predominantly home to tropical species. If Buyck's proposal prevails, the woolly milkling will be called Lactifluus vellereus (Fr.) Kuntze in the future . For the time being, this step has not yet been taken in the most important taxonomy databases. The subsection Russula subsect. Ochricompactae is a third lineage that includes both milklings and deafblings . Today it forms the independent, newly defined genus Multifurca .
Inquiry system
The Wollige Milchling is placed by Bon, Heilmann-Clausen and Basso as a type species in the Albati (Bat.) Singer section, which in Bon and Basso is within the subgenus Lactifluus and in Heilmann-Clausen in the subgenus Lactariopsis . The representatives of the section have large, white hats and a white, largely unchangeable milk. The thick lamellas are quite distant and the spore ornamentation is inconspicuous and consists of low, thin ridges.
meaning
The Wollige Milchling is considered inedible in southern, western and central Europe, but is valued as an edible mushroom in Russia, Ukraine and Bulgaria. In Siberia, the Milchling is even a market mushroom. The pungent taste cannot be removed by simply soaking it. But sometimes it is cut into thin slices and seared sharply. The mushroom is then described as edible and tasty. In Russia (Siberia) it is made edible through a pretreatment. There are two ways to do this.
- A slow method
- This method works similarly to the preparation of sauerkraut. The cleaned mushrooms are watered for about 12 hours. Then the water is squeezed out, the mushrooms are salted and seasoned and covered in a stone pot with a linen cloth, wooden board and stone. The brine must completely cover the mushrooms. The mushrooms are ready after about 40 days.
- A quick method
- The cleaned mushrooms are about 20 min. cooked. Then they are placed in a salt and seasoning mixture for 4-5 days as described above and can then be eaten.
literature
- Edmund Michael, Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel: Handbook for mushroom friends. Volume five: Agaric mushrooms - milk lice and deaf lions. 2nd Edition. Fischer, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-437-30350-3 .
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
- Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 (English).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Lactarius vellereus. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved October 19, 2012 .
- ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online ; PDF; 592 kB).
- ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 293 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
- ^ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius vellereus. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved October 19, 2012 .
- ^ DM Dimou, GI Zervakis & E. Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: I. Macrofungi from the southernmost Fagus forest in the Balkans (Oxya Mountain, central Greece). In: [Mycotaxon] . Vol: 82, 2002, pp. 177-205 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. 1998, p. 271-273 .
- ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder, Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , pp. 361-362.
- ↑ Gordana Kasom & Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. (2) , 2012, ISSN 0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Lactarius vellereus. Pilzoek database, accessed October 19, 2012 .
- ^ TV Andrianova and others: Lactarius vellereus. Fungi of Ukraine. In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, accessed October 19, 2012 .
- ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . Volume I. Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 76 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
- ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 340 (Latin, online ).
- ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 125 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Pars II. Leipzig / London / Paris / Milan / New York 1891, pp. 856 ( digitized on Gallica ).
- ^ Frédéric Bataille : Flore Monographique des Astérosporées, Lactaires et Russules . Ed .: F.Bataille, Besançon. Vol 1, 1908, pp. 35 (French, cyberliber ).
- ^ A. Verbeken, J. Nuytinck & B. Buyck: New combinations in Lactifluus. 1. L. subgenera Edules, Lactariopsis, and Russulopsis . In: Mycotaxon . Vol. 118, 2011, ISSN 0093-4666 , pp. 447-453 ( online [accessed September 5, 2012]).
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 23-28 .
- ^ Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 708, 713-22 (Italian).
- ↑ Wild edible fungi a global overview of their use and importance to people. Country records of wild useful fungi (edible, medicinal and other uses). In: fao.org. 2012, accessed October 26, 2012 .
- ↑ Norbert Amelang: Mushrooms in Western Siberia - a taste . In: Der Tintling: the mushroom newspaper . tape 8 , 1997, ISSN 1430-595X ( online ; PDF; 512 kB).
Web links
- Lactarius vellereus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved October 20, 2012 (English, photos and original Latin description).
- Lactarius vellereus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on October 20, 2012 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Wolliger Milchling).