Greening Pepper Milkling

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Greening Pepper Milkling
The green pepper milkling (Lactifluus glaucescens)

The green pepper milkling ( Lactifluus glaucescens )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Lactifluus
Type : Greening Pepper Milkling
Scientific name
Lactifluus glaucescens
Crossland

The green pepper milkling ( Lactifluus glaucescens , syn .: Lactarius pergamenus, Lactarius glaucescens ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a large, whitish milkling with very crowded lamellas that run down the handle and a smooth, whitish hat. The white milk is very hot and dries up greenish, with potassium hydroxide it turns orange-yellow. The fungus grows in deciduous forests, especially beeches and oaks. It is rarer than the closely related long-stemmed pepper milkling and often appears later in the year. The Milchling, usually described as inedible, is, like its long-handled counterpart, edible to a limited extent.

features

Macroscopic features

The green milkling has very narrow, close-fitting lamellae. The white milk turns gray-green to olive-green after a while.
With 5% potassium hydroxide solution, the meat turns yellow-orange within seconds

The hat is 5–15 cm wide, arched flat when young, soon spread out, later depressed in the middle and deepened in a funnel-shaped manner with age. The smooth surface is dry, indistinctly velvety and matt to silky gloss. It is often irregularly mottled with yellowish ocher and sometimes slightly wrinkled radially. The hat is white to pale cream-colored and the edge is inflected when young and later smooth and sharp.

The very crowded, very narrow, only up to 2 mm wide lamellae run down the handle. They are whitish with a bluish green tinge and turn greenish when the milk dries and always dirty brownish after hours. They are often forked and the edges appear finely frayed under the magnifying glass. The spore powder is white.

The cylindrical and tapered stalk is 3–9 cm long and 1–4 cm wide. It is white to pale cream in color and is usually shorter than the diameter of the hat. The surface is dry and smooth to longitudinally veined or furrowed.

The whitish flesh is very firm and thick and turns greenish after 3–4 hours. It tastes hot, smells faintly fruity and when it dries it also smells like honey. The rather sparse milk is white and turns olive-green when it dries up and yellow- orange with KOH . It immediately tastes very hot (hotter than the meat) and bitter.

Microscopic features

The almost spherical to elliptical spores are on average 7.4–8.5 µm long and 5.8–6.4 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.2–1.4. The spore ornament is up to 0.2 (0.3) µm high and consists of numerous, irregular and isolated warts and shorter ribs, which are partially connected, but only form a very incomplete network, with almost only open meshes. The hillock is inamyloid .

The spindle-shaped to club-shaped pleuromacrocystids are common and arise deep in the lamellar trama and usually protrude strongly. They are 60–90 µm long and 7-10 µm wide. The lamellar edges are almost exclusively occupied with numerous, strongly protruding cheilomacrocystids . They measure 55–70 × 7–9 µm.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a hyphoepithelium , which consists of a 80–120 µm thick suprapellis , which covers an underlying cellular layer, which consists of thin, translucent hyphae , the upper part (1) 2-4 µm and the lower part 3–5 (6) µm wide. The subpellis consists almost entirely of more or less isodiametric cells. In the suprapellis there are numerous, cylindrical to rather clubbed and up to 4 µm wide Pileocystiden . The hyphae walls are partially gelatinized.

Species delimitation

The long-stemmed pepper-milkling ( L. piperatus ), which occurs in comparable locations, looks very similar and can only be distinguished microscopically on the basis of the differently structured and, at 10-30 µm, much thinner top layer. While many spherocysts can be found in the cap skin of the long-stemmed pepper-milkling, these are missing in the greening-pepper-milkling, because the thick suprapellis is formed by hyphae.

Often other macroscopic and macrochemical features are used to differentiate. However, they are not constant and can overlap in both types. For example, the milk of the long-stemmed pepper milkling turns green less often in the air and yellow-orange less often with KOH. In addition, the hat is often cross-wrinkled, especially on the edge (usually completely smooth in the greening), the edge of the hat bare (downy-haired in the greening) and the stem long (relatively short in the greening). In addition, the lamellae are even more dense in the long-stemmed pepper milkling. Another distinguishing feature is the sulfoformol reaction. The green pepper-milkling usually turns bluish to purple, while the long-stemmed pepper-milkling usually shows no reaction.

Other, similar species are the woolly milkling ( L. vellereus ) and the hot milk wool sponge ( L. bertillonii ), but they are stronger and shorter-stemmed, have a clearly velvety felted hat surface and differ microscopically by the lamprotrichoderm top layer .

ecology

The mycorrhizal fungus prefers a symbiosis with European beeches, possibly also with other deciduous trees such as hornbeams and oaks. The fruiting bodies appear solitary to gregarious in mixed beech and deciduous forests. The fungus likes fresh, more or less chalky soils.

distribution

Distribution of the green pepper milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The Milchling was found in North America (USA), North Africa (Morocco), North Asia (Japan, South Korea) and in Europe. In Europe it is quite rare overall. In England and Scotland it occurs quite scattered, but is absent on the Irish island. It is also very rare in the Netherlands and Belgium. In the north, its distribution area extends to southern Fennoscandinavia. In Norway, its northernmost record comes from Møre og Romsdal and in Sweden from near Uppsala. It was also found in southern Finland. In southern Europe, its distribution area extends from Spain in the southwest to Greece and Macedonia in the southeast. In Eastern Europe it can also be found in the Baltic States and Russia.

In Germany, the Milchling is very rare to absent-minded, but has been detected from the North German Plain to the Alpine Foreland. In Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, the Milchling is endangered (RL2), in Schleswig-Holstein even threatened with extinction (RL1). The Milchling is common in Switzerland, but not often. You can find it there especially in the Jura, the Upper Rhine and Central Plateau and in the Pre-Alps and also in southern Ticino.

Systematics

Lf. Glaucescens was first described in 1900 by C. Crossland. Since Hesler and Smith downgraded the species to a variety in 1979, L. piperatus var. Glaucescens is a nomenclature synonym. The taxon L. eburneus Z. Schaef, described in 1979 . is regarded by most authors as a taxonomic synonym . Another synonym is Lf. Piperatus in the sense of Romagnesi. In 1956 he believed he could show that Fries meant the green pepper-milkling with his Lf. Piperatus , while the Frisian Lf. Pergamenus corresponds to Lf. Piperatus according to today's understanding and therefore suggested a change in the scientific species name. (Whereby Fries used the spelling pargamenus in his work " Epicrisis systematis mycologici " ). Romagnesi's interpretation was not shared by the other taxonomists; instead, Bon, Moser and other authors used the epithet pergamenus (Sw.:Fr.) Fr. instead of glaucescens . Another synonym according to M. Basso is also L. piperatus var. Pergamenus ( Sw .: Fr.) Bataille . The species attribute ( epithet ) "glaucescens" means becoming blue-gray or green-gray. The epithet "pergamenus", on the other hand, is derived from the late Latin term " (charta) pergamēna " (parchment) and is an allusion to the smooth, parchment-like skin of the hat. In Dutch the Milchling is therefore also called "Perkamentachtige melkzwam" (parchment-like milkling).

Inquiry systematics

Lactifluus piperatus is placed in the Albati section at Bon . This section contains large, whitish milk lumps that taste more or less pungent and have a weak smell. The milk is white, at least initially. M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen place the milkling due to microscopic features in the genus Lactifluus , which is within the subgenus of the same name. The representatives of the section have whitish hats and very crowded slats. The hat skin (Pileipellis) is a hyphoepithelium.

meaning

As a spicy-tasting Milchling, the greenish as well as the long-stemmed pepper-Milchling are actually inedible, but like this one it can be seared with bacon and onions and should then be quite tasty.

swell

  • Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon (=  Fungi Europaei . Band 7 ). 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 723-28 (Italian).
  2. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . 2005, p. 94 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 250-251 (English).
  4. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 66.
  5. ^ E. De Crop, J. Nuytinck, K. Van de Putte, M. Lecomte, U. Eberhardt: Lactifluus piperatus (Russulales, Basidiomycota) and allied species in Western Europe and a preliminary overview of the group worldwide . In: Mycological Progress . tape 13 , no. 3 , August 2014, ISSN  1617-416X , p. 493-511 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-013-0931-5 ( springer.com [accessed July 29, 2020]).
  6. ^ A b Hermann Jahn: Die Milchlinge (Lactarii) and their occurrence in Westphalia (II) Von, Recklinghausen . In: Westphalian mushroom letters . 1959, p. 19–25 ( wwwuser.gwdg.de [PDF; 552 kB ]).
  7. ↑ a b Lactarius glaucescens in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved September 15, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius glaucescens. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015 ; Retrieved September 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  9. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-273 (English).
  10. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 578 kB ]).
  11. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mešic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V. Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae . In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  12. ↑ Elias Polemis et al .: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 5. (PDF; 322 kB) Basidiomycetes associated with woods dominated by Castanea sativa (Nafpactia Mts., Central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 115 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, p. 16 ff , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
  13. ↑ Lactarius glaucescens. In: grzyby.pl. Retrieved March 3, 2012 .
  14. ↑ a b Interactive map of Lactarius glaucescens. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012 ; accessed on March 3, 2012 .
  15. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Lactarius glaucescens. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved June 1, 2012 .
  16. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Lactarius glaucescens. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved June 1, 2012 .
  17. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved June 1, 2012 .
  18. ↑ Ewald Langer: Red list of large mushrooms in Hesse. (PDF; 540 kB) (No longer available online.) In: hessen.de. Hessian Ministry for Environment, Agriculture and Forests, 2000, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 1, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hessen.de  
  19. ↑ Ludwig Simon et al .: Red list and species directory of the Sprödblättler - Russulales - in North Rhine-Westphalia. (PDF; 50 kB) (No longer available online.) In: lanuv.nrw.de. Ministry of Environment and Forests Rhineland-Palatinate, 2009, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved June 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  20. ↑ Matthias Lüderitz: The large mushrooms Schleswig-Holstein - Red List. (PDF; 880 kB) Volume 3 Non-leaf mushrooms (Aphyllophorales) Deaf and milk lice (Russulales). In: Umweltdaten.landsh.de. State Office for Nature and the Environment of Schleswig-Holstein, 2001, accessed on June 1, 2012 .
  21. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved June 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
  22. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici. Seu synopsis hymenomycetum . Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 340 (Latin, books.google.de ).
  23. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: pergamena . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 3108 ( zeno.org ).
  24. ↑ uitmuntend - Dictionary translation Grünender . In: uitmuntend.de . Retrieved June 4, 2012.
  25. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society (=  Fungi of Northern Europe . Volume 2 ). 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 (English).
  26. ↑ Hermann Jahn: Mushrooms all around . A paperback for identifying and looking up around 500 native mushroom species. Park Verlag, Hamburg 1949, p. 158 , No. 198 ( pilzbriefe.de/pilze_rundum/ [PDF; 6.1 MB ]).

Web links

Commons : Grünender Pfeffer-Milchling ( Lactarius glaucescens )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files