Brown-spotted milkling
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The brown-spotted milkling ( Lactarius fluens ) |
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| Boud. |
The brown-spotted or pale-rimmed milkling ( Lactarius fluens , syn .: Lactarius blennius var. Fluens ) is a type of fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized to large milkling with a more or less greasy, olive-green to gray-brown hat, the brim of which is usually much lighter in color. Its creamy yellow lamellae become rusty with age. The inedible Milchling grows from July to November in red beech or hornbeam oak forests.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 4–9 (17) cm wide, initially arched, then spread out and later mostly slightly depressed in the middle. Sometimes it can also have a small hump. The surface is smooth, fine-veined and hardly greasy. With age, the hat becomes dry and is then dull. The hat color is very variable and ranges from olive green to olive brown to flesh brown or pale mouse gray, in the middle the hat is sometimes darker gray-brown. It is often more or less clearly zoned and has a lighter, cream-colored, yellowish white or whitish edge, which is more or less curled up when young and later smooth or finely ribbed to grooved.
The often forked lamellae are wide, slightly bulged or more or less run down the handle. They are rather narrow to medium wide and are rather crowded. They are creamy white when young and later light ocher in color. If they are injured or squeezed, they first become reddish-brown and after 2–3 hours they become almost black-brown. The spore powder is light cream in color.
The cylindrical and tapering stalk is 3.5–7 cm long and 1.2–2.5 cm wide. Its whitish, pale cream-colored to greyish-brown surface is smooth, sticky, to almost dry, it turns brownish at pressure points or with age. The whitish flesh is medium firm and the stem is stuffed to hollow. It tastes mild at first and then increasingly bitter, pungent and scratchy. Older specimens can also taste almost mild. The smell is slightly fruity. The white, after a while moderately spicy and fairly abundant flowing milk dries up olive-gray.
Microscopic features
The spores are round to broadly elliptical, 6.9–7.2 µm long and 5.4–5.8 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1 to 1.3. The ornament consists of a few individual, 0.7–1 µm high, elongated warts and ribs, the majority of which are arranged like zebra stripes. The hilly spot is inamyloid or slightly amyloid on the outside.
The 40–50 µm long and 8–11 µm wide basidia are club-shaped to bulbous and usually carry 4 sterigms , rarely only 1 sterigma. The 20–65 µm long and 3.5–9 µm wide cheilomacrocystids are spindle-shaped to awl-shaped and numerous. The likewise numerous pleuromacrocystidia have a similar shape and are 35–90 µm long and 5–10 µm wide, their tips are often narrow and drawn out long.
The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 20-55 micron wide Ixocutis or Ixotrichoderm and consists of rising and lying parallel and irregularly intertwined 2-4.5 (10) microns wide hyphae.
Species delimitation
The brown-spotted milkling is very similar to the closely related gray-green milkling ( L. blennius ) and is just as changeable as this. Usually, however, the pale-rimmed milkling has a coarser, more clearly zoned and less greasy hat, but the macroscopically best feature is the light cream-colored to whitish brim. The two species also differ microscopically. In the brown-spotted milkling, the spore ornament is burr-like and conspicuously arranged like a zebra stripe and the hyphae are clearly intertwined in the upper layer of the hat skin.
The banded hornbeam milkling ( L. circellatus ) that grows in similar locations near hornbeams can also look similar, but has darker lamellas and a more zebra-like spore ornament.
ecology
The brown-spotted milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that mainly forms a symbiosis with European beeches , and more rarely with hornbeams . The Milchling does not like sour gley and cheesecloth bottoms . It is therefore mostly found in woodruff beech forests , but also in other beech forest communities . However, it can also occur in hornbeam oak and mixed oak forests. In the Netherlands it was also found along avenues. The fungus prefers older indoor forests close to the climax stage . The fruiting bodies appear singly or to a few together from July to November.
distribution
The brown-spotted milkling occurs in Europe and North Africa. In Europe it is rather rare to absent-minded and probably nowhere common. In the west it is quite common in Great Britain and Northern Ireland, but rarely to very rare in Belgium and the Netherlands. It was found in all of Central Europe, only from Poland there is no evidence. In the north, the Milchling occurs rarely to very scattered in southern Norway and Sweden, the northernmost report comes from Örebro (Sweden).
In Germany the Milchling is very dispersed from the North German lowlands and the Baltic Sea coast to the Alpine foothills and seems to be found in all federal states. In Austria it is very scattered and occurs mainly in Upper and Lower Austria and in Carinthia. It can be found on the edge of the Alps, but is absent in all higher elevations. The fungus is also not common in Switzerland, in the cantons of Valais, Graubünden, Ticino and Uri and in all locations above 1000 m it is very rare or completely absent.
Systematics
The Braunfleckige Milchling was born in 1899 by É. Boudier was first described as Lactarius fluens . However, many authors considered and still consider the taxon to be only a variety of the gray-green milkling and so in 1999 G. Krieglsteiner downgraded the species to the variety L. blennius var. Fluens .
A taxonomic synonym is the variety L. blennius f. albidopallens J.E. Lange (1928), which J. Blum upgraded to type in 1976.
Inquiry systematics
The Braunfleckende Milchling is placed in the Vieti section by Bon . The representatives of the section have slimy to sticky hats. Your milk turns gray or brown in the air and discolors the lamellae as it dries up. M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen place the Milchling in the Pyrogalini subsection , which is within the Glutinosi section. Their representatives have more or less zoned, greenish, brown or gray colored, dry or greasy hats. The milk dries up more or less greenish or grayish and the spores often have a zebra-like or more or less net-like ornament.
meaning
The Milchling is not edible.
swell
- Roger Phillips: Lactarius fluens. In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 (English).
Individual evidence
- ^ Jean Louis Émile Boudier : Note sur quelques champignons nouveaux des environs de Paris . In: Epinal: La Société (ed.): Bulletin de la Société mycologique de France . t 15, 1899 ( Biodiversity Heritage Library ).
- ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 86 .
- ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . 1998, p. 48-49 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 50.
- ↑ a b c Lactarius fluens in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 14, 2011.
- ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 388.
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius fluens . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . 1998, p. 271-73 .
- ↑ Grid map of Lactarius fluens. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on May 31, 2012 (English). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Lactarius fluens. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved May 31, 2012 .
- ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Lactarius fluens. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 31, 2012 .
- ^ Lactarius fluens / Norwegian Mycology Database. In: nhm2.uio.no. Retrieved May 31, 2012 : "Norwegian Mycology Database"
- ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Lactarius fluens. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; Retrieved May 31, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved May 31, 2012 .
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed May 31, 2012 .
- ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved May 31, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 76-78, 97-102 (Italian).
- ↑ a b Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . 1998, p. 23-28 .
- ^ Russulales News / Lactarius fluens . In: mtsn.tn.it . Retrieved on May 31, 2012. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Synonyms of Lactarius fluens. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- Lactarius fluens. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and brief description).
- Lactarius fluens. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 2, 2012 (Italian, good photos of the Braunfleckenden Milchling).