Fluffy birch milkling

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Fluffy birch milkling
Downy birch milkling (Lactarius pubescens)

Downy birch milkling ( Lactarius pubescens )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Fluffy birch milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius pubescens
Fr.

The downy birch milkling or downy milkling ( Lactarius pubescens , syn. L. albus , L. blumii ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . The medium-sized to large Milchling has a creamy-white to buff-colored, downy hairy hat, whitish lamellas and a short, thick stem. The fungus is distributed over the entire northern hemisphere and grows singly or in small groups under birch trees. The fruiting bodies appear between August and October.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 3.5–8 cm wide, flatly arched when young, but soon spread out and with age depressed to broadly funnel-shaped deepened. The surface of the hat is hairy and tomentose when pressed and downy and shaggy towards the edge. Young hats are whitish, older hats are cream-colored and often have a pale pink shade. Often they also become more or less orange-brown. The hat is always unzoned. The brim of the hat remains rolled up for a long time and is densely fringed with shaggy hair. The hairs are usually 5 mm long at the edge, but on old fruiting bodies the edge is often smooth and bare.

The narrow lamellas are cream-colored when young and later become increasingly ocher-colored and often have a flesh-colored shimmer. They are broadly attached to the stem or run down a bit, near the stem they are more or less often forked. The blade edges are smooth and the spore powder is pale cream to salmon in color.

The cylindrical stem is 2–6 cm long and 1.2–2 cm wide. It is often slightly tapered towards the base. Usually the inside of the stem is full or stuffed, only very old fruit bodies are hollow. In young specimens, the stem surface is coated in white and fine wool; later the stem is tinted pink to salmon and has a whitish frosting. The tip remains bare and is pink to salmon-colored.

The burning hot milk is white and does not change color. The rather firm flesh is cream-colored to pale salmon pink, under the cap skin it is often more or less yellow-orange in color. The meat smells slightly fruity or geranium-like and tastes spicy almost without delay.

Microscopic features

The spores are broadly elliptical and on average 6.6–7.4 µm long and 4.9–5.2 µm wide. The Q value ( quotient of spore length and width) is 1.2–1.5. The spore ornament is up to 0.7 µm high and consists of a few warts and burr, often branched ribs, some of which are connected to one another like a network via fine lines. The hilly spot is sometimes weakly amyloid in the middle . The 30–40 µm long and 8–10 µm wide basidia are club-shaped to bulbous and each carry four sterigms .

The pleuromacrocystidia are 30–60 µm long and 6.5–10 µm wide and occur scattered on the lamellar surfaces. They are narrow, club-like to spindle-shaped, the tip is often constricted like a string of pearls or has a small appendage. The lamellar edges are heterogeneous, in addition to the basidia there are numerous cheilomacrocystids 30–60 µm long and 5–8.5 µm wide . These are club-shaped, winding to spindle-shaped and often have an attached tip or are constricted at the top like a string of pearls.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is an ixocutis , which consists of parallel, 3–8 µm wide and densely interwoven hyphae that are embedded in a layer of mucus up to 30 µm thick. Individual lactifera are interspersed in the hyphae .

Species delimitation

The Fluffy Milchling has a closely related doppelganger in the Fluffy Moor-Milchling . However, this is very rare and only occurs in moors, mostly in the middle of peat moss cushions. He is smaller and thinner and has a slightly hairy brim. The hair is hardly longer than 2 mm and is also less dense. The milk of the Fluffy Moor-Milchling turns light yellow.

The just as common birch irritant can occur in the same locations. His hat is much more reddish in color and is mostly more or less zoned.

ecology

The Fluffy Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that is associated with birch trees. It is usually found on drier soils. It is often found in gardens, parks or on grassy roadsides or paths. But you can also find it on the edges of the bog. The Milchling prefers neutral to calcareous soils. The fruiting bodies usually appear in groups, rows or rings between August and October. Individual specimens are rarely found.

The fluffy milkling can develop a double mycorrhiza together with the fading deaf, that is, the deaf and the milkling together form a mycorrhiza. However, the milkling and the birch as hosts bear the main burden in this "symbiotic triangular relationship", while the deaf ling probably parasitizes mostly on the dairy ling. Further information can be found here .

distribution

Distribution of the Fluffy Milchling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside of Europe are shown in gray.

The species occurs in North America (USA), Greenland, North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. There is also evidence from Australia and New Zealand. In Europe, the Milchling is widespread throughout western, northern and northeastern Europe. Only from Lithuania there is no evidence. In southern and southeastern Europe the species is probably a little rarer.

The Fluffy Milchling is widespread in Germany and occurs from the Danish border and the East Frisian Islands to the Northern Alps. It is distributed with different densities, but overall quite common. The Fluffy Milchling is common in Switzerland.

Systematics

The species was described in 1794 by the German botanist Heinrich Adolf Schrader as Agaricus pubescens . In 1838 Elias Magnus Fries placed the species in the genus Lactarius , giving it its current name. The downy birch milkling was also named L. controversus var. Pubescens Gillet (1876) and as Lactarius torminosus subsp. pubescens Paul Konrad and André Maublanc (1935) or as a variety Lundell (1956). Since J. Blum considered the taxon L. pubescens insufficiently described, he redefined the species as L. albus . However, this name is invalid under taxonomic rules, as this name was used by Velenovský in 1920 for a different species. That is why Marcel Bon gave her the name L. blumii in 1979 .

Inquiry systematics

The species is placed in the Tricholomoidei section by Marcel Bon . In M. Basso and J. Heilmann-Clausen et al. if it is in the section or subsection Piperites . The representatives of this section have hats with a fringed, shaggy or woolen brim and always white milk. In some species, the milk can turn yellow in the air. Closely related species are the birch and fringed milkling .

meaning

The Fluffy Milchling is considered to be slightly poisonous in Central Europe because, like many hot-tasting Milchlinge, it causes stomach pain, diarrhea and vomiting when eaten raw. In Eastern Europe, however, it is valued as an edible mushroom after it has been made edible through appropriate pretreatment.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 196 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 90.
  3. ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 160-161 .
  4. ↑ Ludwig Beenken: The genus Russula: Investigations into their systematics based on ectomycorrhizae. (PDF; 26 MB) Dissertation LMU Munich: Faculty of Biology. 2004, p. 312 , accessed January 9, 2011 .
  5. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 370.
  6. ↑ Lactarius pubescens in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius pubescens . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  8. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 .
  9. ↑ a b Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111:, 2010, p. 279–282 ( online , PDF; 592 kB).
  10. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 ( PDF, 1.6MB ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed July 9, 2013]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.protectedareas.mk
  11. ↑ a b Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne, Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann and Henning Knudsen. tape 6 . Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, ISBN 978-87-635-1277-0 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37-59 .
  12. ^ H. Schrader: Spicilegium Florae Germanicae . Impensis Christiana Ritscheri, Hanover 1794, p. 122 ( online [accessed July 12, 2010]).
  13. ^ Fries EM: Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici, see Synopsis Hymenomycetum . Typographia Academica, Upsaliae 1838, pp. 335 ( online [accessed July 12, 2010]).
  14. ↑ CC. Gillet: Hymenomycetes or descriptions of tall the mushrooms which grow in France . 1876, p. 210 (French: Les Hyménomycètes ou Description de tous les Champignons qui Croissent en France .).
  15. ^ Konrad P, Maublanc A .: ???? . In: Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France . 51, 1935, p. 129.
  16. ↑ Lundell S, Nannfeldt JA .: ??? . In: Fungi exsiccati suecici . Fasc. 47-48, 1956, pp. 2301-2400.
  17. ↑ Lactarius pubescens. (No longer available online.) In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011 ; Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin diagnosis). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mtsn.tn.it

Web links

Commons : Fluffy Birken-Milchling ( Lactarius pubescens )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files