Fading blubber

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Fading blubber
The fading deafblings (Russula exalbicans)

The fading deafblings ( Russula exalbicans )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Fading blubber
Scientific name
Russula exalbicans
( Pers. ) Melzer & Zvára

The fading deaf or fading birch deaf ( Russula exalbicans , Syn . : Russula pulchella ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . It is a medium-sized blubber with a pink to wine reddish hat that fades quickly, especially in the middle. The Täubling can be found quite often under birch trees.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 5–10 cm wide, first hemispherical, then arched to flattened and finally depressed. The middle is then often indented or eccentrically bifurcated and the edge bent. Initially it is usually pink or wine-red in color and sometimes has olive-green areas in the middle. The colors soon fade to a narrow reddish edge zone. The hat is then often completely dirty yellowish or grayish white. The hat skin is usually silky and shiny and smeary when wet. It is often difficult to pull off.

The lamellae are crowded and have a cloudy, whitish to pale color. They can have a greenish or grayish tinge. Often they are mixed in with shorter lamellets or forked.

The stem is 3–7 cm long and 1.5–3 cm wide, rather short and stocky. It is white, more rarely tinged with pink and soon gray-veined. With age and especially when it is wet, it can also gray easily.

The flesh is white, but it turns gray in damp weather. The smell is slightly fruity. The taste is sharp, in the lamellae of young specimens also sharp. Older fruiting bodies are sometimes completely mild.

Microscopic features

The ellipsoidal spores are 8-10 µm long and 6-7 µm wide. They are covered with 0.7 μm high, mostly isolated warts, some of which are burred or connected by lines to form a rather poorly developed network. The Pileocystiden are cylindrical, spindle-shaped or narrowly club-shaped, occasionally septate. They are 3.5–6 (8) µm wide. The pleurocystids are mostly blunt, 40–65 µm long and (5.5) 8–10 µm wide. They usually only stain slightly in a sulfovanillin reaction. The cap skin hyphae have vacuoles but no membrane pigments.

ecology

The fading deafblings, like all deafblings, are a mycorrhizal fungus that almost exclusively enters into a symbiotic relationship with birch trees .

The Täubling is therefore mainly found in birch and birch-forest pine forests or under birch trees in clearings, on the edges of forests and on lofts. The fungus is often found under birch trees outside of closed stands of trees, especially in parks, under rows of trees on roads, embankments, ditches, as well as on dry and semi-arid grasslands rich in bases and on slag heaps.

The Täubling loves moderately moist, shallow, humus-poor and lime-rich soils. It is not uncommon for the species to form a double mycorrhiza together with the downy birch milkling ( Lactarius pubescens ). The fruiting bodies appear from May to the beginning of November; the fungus can be found from the lowlands to the higher mountains.

Formation of a double mycorrhiza

A close association between ectomycorrhizal fungi is nothing unusual. They are often found, for example, between species of the genus of the greasy sprouts ( Gomphidius ) and the genus of the greasy bloom ( Suillus ). Although the types of smut can develop independent ectomycorrhizas, their hyphae often grow into mycorrhizae of the smear.

A very similar association with the formation of a double mycorrhiza can also be found in the fading deafness and the downy birch milkling ( Lactarius pubescens ) as well as in its closely related sister species the delicate birch deafness ( Russula gracillima ) and the birch pear ( L. torminosus ). Within this association, the participating deaf species do not seem to develop any independent mycorrhiza. At least one was never found despite an intensive search. This suggests a parasitic relationship. However, in this partnership the fruiting bodies of the Milchlings host are neither damaged nor their formation suppressed. The fruiting bodies of the deaf and milk ling are regularly found next to each other. It is possible, however, that the fruiting bodies of the milkling species involved are somewhat smaller and fewer fruiting bodies are formed overall than is the case with milklings that do not live with a deaf bird. It is noticeable that the species involved have a high host specificity. So far, the fading blubber has only been found together with the downy birch milkling and the delicate birch blubber only together with the birch irritant.

Such a specific socialization at the species level is typical for many parasites. Further indications for a parasitic relationship are: the lack of an independent deaf mycorrhiza, the restriction to the formation of Hartig's network within the common double mycorrhiza and the partial suppression of the growth of the milkling fruiting bodies. The pigeons intervene in the symbiosis between milkling and birch, as they do not parasitize directly on the fungal partner. The pigeons get their carbohydrates from the birch without contributing to the supply of the tree with water and nutrient salts. Within the triangular relationship, it is primarily the birch that is damaged. The dairy species are affected to the extent that they have to cede some of the assimilates that the tree makes available to their deaf partner. In other words, the milklings do all the work, but have to give part of their wages to the deaflings.

This established socialization seems to have existed for a long time. An indication of this are the phylogenetic relationships of the species involved. The two sister species, Verfassender Täubling and Zierlicher Birken-Täubling, together form the subsection Exalbicantinae , which is part of the Firmae section. The downy Birkenmilchling and the Birkenreizker are also sister species, from the Tricholomoidei section . Presumably there was already a common ancestor of the two Taubling species, that is, an "Ur-Exalbicans", associated with a common ancestor of the two milklings, an "Ur-Birchmilchling". The species pair Fading Täubling and Fluffy Birkenmilchling then developed a preference for lime-rich, dry soils, while the Zierliche Birken-Täubling and the Birkenreizker developed a preference for rather acidic, moist soils. The downy birch milkling and its deaf partner prefer the hanging birch ( Betula pendula ) in order to develop a double mycorrhiza, while the birch pear and its milkling partner choose the downy birch ( Betula pubescens ). Both pairs of species are thus a typical example of synspeciation , a parallel species splitting.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the fading blubber in Europe.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The fading blubber is a Holarctic species that is distributed from the submeridional to boreal zones with moderately cool climates. The species is found in North Africa (Morocco), North Asia (Siberia, Kamchatka ), North America (USA), Greenland and Europe.

    The fading blubber is a fairly common and widespread species in Germany.

    Systematics

    Inquiry systematics

    The fading pigeon is the type species of the subsection Exalbicantinae , which is within the section Firmae . The subsection contains small to medium-sized pigeons with predominantly pink to wine-red colored hats. The stem is tinged with white or pink and tends to turn gray when wet. The deafblings taste moderately hot and have a cream to ocher-colored spore powder.

    Subspecies and varieties

    • Syn .: Russula pulchella I.G.Borshch. was and is still regarded as a separate species in many mushroom guides. However, these are somewhat smaller and slender forms of the fading blubber. The hat is only up to 6 cm wide, the hat skin is radially veined to finely wrinkled and more or less greasy when wet. The central disc of the hat is darker or olive in color. The slats are dirty ocher. The stem is rather short or stocky, up to 5 cm long and up to 1 (1.5) cm wide. It's more fragile and more or less dirty or ashen. The meat turns gray slightly, the smell is insignificant or absent.
    • Russula exalbicans forma decolorata Sing. Is a form of the fading blubber that is gray or yellowish white to begin with.

    meaning

    The fading blubber is not an edible mushroom .

    literature

    • Alfred Einhellinger: The genus Russula in Bavaria . In: Bibliotheca Mycologica . 3. Edition. tape 112 . Berlin / Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 978-3-443-59056-7 , pp. 76 .

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh – Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , p. 74 .
    2. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 565.
    3. ^ Roger Phillips: Russula exalbicans . Rogers Mushrooms. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    4. ↑ a b Russula pulchella in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
    5. ↑ Ludwig Beenken: The genus Russula: Investigations into their systematics based on ectomycorrhizae. (PDF file, 26 MB) Dissertation LMU Munich: Faculty of Biology. 2004, p. 312 , accessed January 9, 2011 .
    6. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula exalbicans. Retrieved September 12, 2012 .
    7. ↑ Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne, Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann, Henning Knudsen. tape 6 , 2006, ISBN 978-87-635-1277-0 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37-59 (Museum Tusculanum Press, page 56).
    8. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula exalbicans. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014 ; Retrieved August 19, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    9. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009.
    10. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Russula exalbicans. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on November 27, 2015 ; accessed on May 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    11. ^ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula exalbicans. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved September 12, 2012 .
    12. ↑ Blood, bile and tears. Blades Part 6 - Sharp Cream Spurs. Der Tintling 96, issue 5/2015, pp. 19–30
    13. ↑ Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988) (PDF; 1.4 MB) In: English translation of M. Bons Russula key . The Russulales website. P. 32. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010. Retrieved January 6, 2011.

    Web links

    Commons : Fading Taubling ( Russula exalbicans )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files