Vetch

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Vetch
Vetch (Vicia sativa), illustration

Vetch ( Vicia sativa ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Fabeae
Genre : Sweet peas ( Vicia )
Type : Vetch
Scientific name
Vicia sativa
L.

The vetch ( Vicia sativa ), or seed Vetch called, is a plant that to the subfamily of Pea (Faboideae) within the family of legumes belongs (Fabaceae). It is a widely used forage plant.

description

The vetch is an annual herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 80 cm. The leaves always form a split tendril and are pinnate in two to eight pairs.

The vetch blooms in March and April and again from August to October. Their short-stalked flowers, which stand individually or in pairs in the leaf axils, are zygomorphic and 16 to 26 mm long. The calyx teeth are as long as or longer than the calyx tube (in contrast to the narrow-leaved vetch ). The petals are purple to purple in color. The flag is bare.

The ripe legumes are erect and brown in color.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 10 or 12.

ecology

Self-pollination is very common, the proportion of cross- pollination is a maximum of 10%. It is pollinated by insects such as bees and numerous butterflies.

Their seeds spread by themselves ( autochory ).

Occurrence and its history

The vetch is originally a Mediterranean-Eurasian floral element .

The vetch is originally found in the Mediterranean area, in West Asia, adventively it occurs in Central and Northern Europe to Ireland and Scandinavia. It was abducted to practically every continent worldwide.

In Europe, the vetch is one of the archaeophytes because it was naturalized in the European area a long time ago. The vetch is considered unstable in Europe, as there are many subspecies that are difficult to distinguish. It is believed that the vetch developed from the narrow-leaved vetch . The vetch is a cultivated plant and can be found wherever humans grow it. Otherwise, there are also numerous free-living forms that grow mainly on nutrient-rich soils and can be found in ruderal areas and on roadsides, often on meadows between May and July. It is common throughout Germany , only rarely found in the foothills of the Alps. In the Allgäu Alps in Vorarlberg at the mountain station of the Kanzelwandbahn , it rises up to 1920 meters above sea level.

Systematics

Ripe legume of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra
Vicia sativa flower
Stem with stipule
Immature legume of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra
Stem with flower
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Differentiation in clans

In Central Europe there are four clans, which, depending on the opinion, all belong to a single species or are divided into several species.

  • Vicia sativa subsp. cordata (Hoppe) Batt. : It is a rare neophyte (evidence especially in the Rhineland) with dark brown pods, in which the lower leaflets are broadly heart-shaped and the upper ones narrowly linear. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 10.
  • Vicia sativa subsp. sativa : It is a cultivated plant with more or less light brown pods and slightly wider leaflets that sometimes go wild. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 12.
  • Vicia sativa subsp. segetalis (Thuill.) Corb. : It has black pods and can easily be confused with sativa , but can be distinguished by the color of the pods. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 12.
  • Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. : It has the black pods in common with segetalis , but differs from this in that it has narrower leaflets, a slightly different shape of the crown and slightly different location preferences. The chromosome number is 2n = 12. The two subspecies are relatively widespread archaeophytes in Central Europe .

Different taxonomy in different sources

In the Flora Europaea , the individual clans nigra , cordata and sativa are combined with other Mediterranean clans such as macrocarpa to form a single species called Vicia sativa (see lat.). According to Flora Europaea, the subspecies segetalis is a synonym of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra .

According to Index Synonymique de la Flore de France , the situation looks very similar, apart from the fact that there are several other subspecies that do not occur in Central Europe and that the Vicia sativa subsp. segetalis from the Vicia sativa subsp. nigra is separated.

In the excursion flora of Austria and the excursion flora of Germany by Werner Rothmaler (Critical Volume, 4th edition) and Oberdorfer (4th edition) there are three types: Vicia sativa (see str.), Vicia cordata and Vicia angustifolia , the latter with the subspecies angustifolia and segetalis .

According to FloraWeb, there are two types: Vicia sativa (with the subspecies Vicia sativa subsp. Sativa and Vicia sativa subsp. Cordata ) and Vicia angustifolia (with the subspecies Vicia angustifolia subsp. Angustifolia and Vicia angustifolia subsp. Segetalis ).

Schmeil-Fitschen's Flora von Deutschland (92nd edition) only knew the species Vicia sativa with the subspecies nigra , sativa , segetalis and cordata in 2003 . Incidentally, the narrow-leaved vetch ( Vicia angustifolia ) is treated here as a synonym for the subspecies nigra .

Individual clans can be assigned to either Vicia sativa or Vicia angustifolia , depending on the point of view , whereby the former variant should be preferred.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Vicia sativa L. s. str., seed vetch. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ Vicia sativa in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Ed.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 3: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Rosidae): Droseraceae to Fabaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-8001-3314-8 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 613–614.
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 155.

Web links

Commons : Vetch ( Vicia sativa )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files