Real stone seed

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Real stone seed
Stone seed (Lithospermum officinale)

Stone seed ( Lithospermum officinale )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids I
Family : Boraginaceae (Boraginaceae)
Genre : Stone seeds ( lithospermum )
Type : Real stone seed
Scientific name
Lithospermum officinale
L.

The real stone seed ( Lithospermum officinale ) is a species of the genus stone seeds ( Lithospermum ) within the predatory leaf family (Boraginaceae).

description

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Vegetative characteristics

Fruit cluster

The real stone seed is an herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 30 to 100 centimeters. An upright, short, multi-headed, woody rhizome is formed. Its stems are grouped together, are stiff, branchy, round and rough. The leaves are lanceolate, sessile, lacks the base at the time of flowering, 5 to 10 centimeters long, 1 to 2 centimeters wide, entire, coarse.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are in double coils . The flowers are greenish-yellowish-white, 4 to 5 mm long, 3 to 5 mm wide. The partial fruits are 3 to 4 mm long, smooth, shiny, white, with a few dimples.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.

ecology

The real stone seed is a hemicryptophyte . The weakly feminine flowers are pollinated by insects or self-pollinating .

The spherical mustard seed-sized partial fruits are similar to small stones and are rich in silica and carbonate. The partial fruits are mainly transported by running water.

Occurrence

The real stone seed is widespread in the northern hemisphere in Europe , Western Asia , in the Caucasus, in Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and India, in Central Asia , Siberia, in Mongolia, in China and in North America . In Europe it is becoming increasingly rare north of the Elbe and Vistula . The northernmost European occurrences are in Norway at 70 ° north latitude. In the southern hemisphere it is a neophyte and rarely occurs there.

The real stone seed is scattered as a river valley plant in thinned oak-elm floodplain forests, on forest paths and in bushes. It prefers fresh, nutrient-rich and calcareous loam and clay soils. In Central Europe, the plant is a character species of the order of the perennial borders on woody plants (Origanetalia vulgaris), but also occurs in societies of the Berberidion association or in the Querco-Ulmetum of the Alno-Ulmion association.

Locations and distribution in Central Europe

The real stone seed needs muddy and calcareous, loose loam or clay soil.

It inhabits light, warm, but not too dry deciduous forests and forest fringes. It is a character species of the dry forest fringes (Origanetalia vulgaris) in Central Europe.

In Central Europe it occurs only occasionally in the lowlands east of the Elbe; in the low mountain ranges with limestone only in mild locations; in the Jura and in the foothills of the Alps it is almost extinct, in the Alps it only occurs in warm valleys. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Vorarlberg part at the foot of the precipices on the Gopfberg to an altitude of 1180 meters.

Toxicity

The plant parts are hardly poisonous.

Parts of the plant that contain active substances are the seeds. Active ingredients are octatetraenoic acid, lithospermic acid, pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

use

According to the doctrine of signatures , the real stone seed was used against stone ailments. It should also help against rheumatism .

In ancient China in particular , the roots were used to dye wool and silk . The naphthoquinone dye shikonin contained in it provides violet and purple hues.

photos

  • Fruiting plant

  • The surface of the partial fruits is reminiscent of porcelain

  • Partial fruits, open

  • fruit

literature

  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen. Interactive flora of Germany. Seeing - determining - knowing. The key to the flora . CD-ROM, version 2.0. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2004, ISBN 3-494-01368-3 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Margot Spohn, Marianne Golte-Bechtle: What is blooming there? The encyclopedia: over 1000 flowering plants from Central Europe. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10326-9 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 5 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Asteridae): Buddlejaceae to Caprifoliaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3342-3 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  • Burkhard Fugmann (Ed.): Römpp Lexikon Naturstoffe. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart / New York 1997, ISBN 3-13-749901-1 .
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Karl Kormann: Poisonous plants plant poisons. 6th revised edition. Nikol-Verlag, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 4 : Nightshade plants to daisy plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  779 .
  2. ^ Lithospermum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 362.

Web links

Commons : Echter Steinsame ( Lithospermum officinale )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files