Stone seeds

Stone seeds
	Stone seed ( Lithospermum officinale )
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Family :	Boraginaceae (Boraginaceae)
Subfamily :	Boraginoideae
Tribe :	Lithospermeae
Genre :	Stone seeds
Scientific name
	Lithospermum
	L.

Stone seeds ( Lithospermum ) is a genus within the family of Borage Family (Boraginaceae).

description

Illustration from Storm of the Real Stone Seed ( Lithospermum officinale )

True stone seeds ( Lithospermum officinale ), fruiting

Vegetative characteristics

The stone seed species are rare one- to two-year or mostly perennial herbaceous plants or rare half bushes to bushes . All above-ground parts of the plant are closely covered with hair, whereby the hair is thickened at the base.

The alternate leaves do not have a petiole . The simple, entire leaf blades are clearly pinnate on the underside. Stipules are missing.

Generative characteristics

The flowers in the lower areas are often individually in leaf axils, the upper ones in leafy coils .

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are fused, the calyx is divided almost to the base and the sepals are blunt. The five white, whitish-green to yellow or blue petals are fused together in the shape of a plate or funnel. The corolla tube contains five scales. The crown ends in five expanded corolla lobes. The throat is narrowed by five more or less hairy folds. The stamens and stylus do not rise above the crown. There is only one circle with five stamens. The stamens are very short. Two carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown, which is divided by a false septum into four parts.

The four partial fruits (Klausen) of the Klausenfrucht are mostly egg-shaped and mostly completely smooth or smooth with more or less many punctiform depressions or rarely pitted warty or wrinkled and have no spines.

Lithospermum incisum

Lithospermum ruderale

Lithospermum virginianum

Systematics and distribution

The genus Lithospermum was established by Carl von Linné . The generic name Lithospermum is derived from the Greek and means "stone seed".

The genus Lithospermum belongs to the tribe Lithospermeae in the subfamily Boraginoideae within the family Boraginaceae .

The genus Lithospermum is distributed almost worldwide with the exception of Australia, with only one species ( Lithospermum officinale ) also occurring in Europe.

The genus Lithospermum includes about 59 species (selection):

Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Clay. : It occurs in Canada and the United States.
Lithospermum caroliniense (JFGmel.) MacMill. : It occurs in the United States.
Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc. : It occurs in China , Japan , Korea and Russia's Far East.
Lithospermum helleri (Small) JICohen : It is only found in Texas .
Lithospermum incisum clay. : It occurs in Canada in the United States and in Mexico .
Lithospermum macbridei I.M.Johnst. : It occurs in Peru .
Lithospermum macromeria J.I. Cohen : It occurs in Arizona , New Mexico and Mexico .
Lithospermum molle (Michx.) Muhl. : It occurs in Alabama , Kentucky and Tennessee .
Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex A.Gray : It occurs in the US state Arizona, New Mexico and the Mexican state Chihuahua .
True stone seed ( Lithospermum officinale L. ): It is widespread in Eurasia and North America.
Lithospermum onosmodium J.I. Cohen : It is found in Canada and the United States.
Lithospermum ruderale Douglas ex clay. : It occurs in western Canada and the western United States.
Lithospermum tuberosum Rugel ex A.DC. : It occurs in the southern United States.
Lithospermum virginianum L .: It is found in the eastern United States.

The species of blue-red rock seeds and arable rock seeds, which were often placed in the genus Lithospermum earlier, are mostly placed in the genus Buglossoides . Still other species become the genus Glandora D.C. Thomas , Weigend & Hilger, first described in 2008 , or the genus Lithodora Griseb. posed.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Daniel Thomas, Maximilian Weigend, Hartmut Hilger: Phylogeny and systematics of Lithodora (Boraginaceae — Lithospermeae) and its affinities to the monotypic genera Mairetis, Halacsya and Paramoltkia based on ITS1 and trnLUAA-sequence data and morphology. In: Taxon , Volume 57, 2008, pp. 79-97. doi : 10.2307 / 25065950
↑ ^a ^b Gelin Zhu, Harald Riedl, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Boraginaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 . Lithospermum , pp. 342–344 - online with the same text as the printed work.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Lithospermum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 14, 2017.

literature

Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6

Web links

Commons : Stone Seeds ( Lithospermum ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Thomas Meyer, Michael Hassler: Mediterranean and Alpine flora : data sheet genus: Lithospermum (stone seed) with photos.

[Thomas2008-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Daniel Thomas, Maximilian Weigend, Hartmut Hilger: Phylogeny and systematics of Lithodora (Boraginaceae — Lithospermeae) and its affinities to the monotypic genera Mairetis, Halacsya and Paramoltkia based on ITS1 and trnLUAA-sequence data and morphology. In: Taxon , Volume 57, 2008, pp. 79-97. doi : 10.2307 / 25065950

[FoC-2] Gelin Zhu, Harald Riedl, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Boraginaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 . Lithospermum , pp. 342–344 - online with the same text as the printed work.

[GRIN-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Lithospermum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 14, 2017.