Turbina corymbosa
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Turbina corymbosa |
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| ( L. ) Raf. |
Turbina corymbosa ( synonym : Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hallier f.) Is a climbing plant from the family of wind plants and serves as a ritual drug as well as a medicinal plant . The drug Ololiuqui from the seeds of the plant contains the psychoactive ingredients lysergic acid amide (LSA) and lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide (LSH) as well as other alkaloids .
Appearance
Turbina corymbosa is a climbing plant whose stems are lignified at the base, but herbaceous at the tips. The plant is hairless or bald. The mostly hairless or only rarely finely haired leaves are heart-shaped, egg-shaped, are 4 to 10 cm long and are pointed or pointed to the front.
The flowers are in axillary or terminal thyrses . The sepals are elongated and about 8 to 12 mm long and hairless. The white, 2.5 to 3 cm long crown has a dark brown to purple area in the inner, lower part of the corolla tube. The flowering time extends in the original distribution area from February to March.
The fruit has no opening mechanism, it is elongated, egg-shaped, 1 to 1.5 cm long and contains one, rarely two seeds .
distribution
The distribution area of Turbina corymbosa includes Mexico to Panama , the West Indies , southern Florida and parts of South America . The species was discovered in the wild in the Philippines.
history
Turbina corymbosa was already known as a ritual but also medicinal plant by the Aztecs, where it was named Coatl xoxouqui (Green Snake). The seeds were called ololiuqui (round grain). Hence the German name Ololiuquiranke is derived. One of the earliest records of its use was written in 1629 by Hernando Ruiz de Alcaron (1581–1639), a Spanish missionary, under the title "Treatise on the pagan superstitions that are alive today among the Native American Indians of New Spain". At the beginning of the 20th century it was long assumed that the use of ololiuqui was extinct. It is now clear, however, that there are still Central American peoples such as the Zapotecs , Mixtecs , Mazatecs or Mixe who use ololiuqui for ritual purposes. 2 The famous ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes (1925–2001) was able to determine the identity of the plant in the 1940s. In 1941 the monograph "A Contribution to Our Knowledge of Rivea corymbosa : The Narcotic Ololiuqui of the Aztecs" was published, which provides a very good overview of all botanical, ethnological and historical aspects of the Ololiuqui vine. The active ingredients were identified a few years later by Albert Hofmann (1906–2008), the discoverer of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). He had found, among other things, lysergic acid amide (LSA), which as an ergot alkaloid is closely related to LSD.
Applications
The seeds are mostly used for application, more rarely the leaves or roots. Honey is also psychoactive and was mainly used by the Mayans to make a ritual drink ( balché ). The driving away of evil spirits, necromancy, and divination are examples of the ritual uses of the ololiuqui vine. Even today, the mixes are supposed to keep witches away from houses.
Medicinally, Turbina corymbosa can be used to treat wounds, bruises and tumors. A diuretic (urinary) effect is also described.
Active ingredients
According to Albert Hofmann, the main active ingredients of the plant are ergin (LSA), lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide (LSH), and ergometrine , which are also found in the plant itself and are produced by epibiotic fungi transmitted through the seeds.
dosage
Traditionally, 15 to 22 grated seeds are placed in half a cup of water. However, this dosage did not have any effect in tests with Western people, so the dosage is given significantly higher. However, from 300 seeds onwards, mostly only bad side effects such as vomiting and diarrhea are reported. In addition, it should always be noted that Turbina croymbosa is classified as highly poisonous.
effect
The effect sets in very quickly and leads to slight hallucinations that alternate with dizziness. This is followed by fatigue, euphoria and finally drowsiness. This hypnotic state cannot be compared with an LSD intoxication; the effect can be described as “[…] a kind of trance or twilight sleep with dream images” (Rätsch 1998).
Legal position
In Germany, Turbina corymbosa is not subject to the BtMG .
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ Andreas Kehlich: Turbina corymbosa (Linnaeus) Rafinesque. Encyclopedia of Drugs - Hallucinogens. Retrieved May 12, 2008 .
- ↑ http://www.linkgua.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=269&Itemid=48 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) (accessed June 1, 2008)
- ↑ a b c Turbina corymbosa. Erowid Ololiuqui, accessed May 12, 2008 .
- ^ Richard Evans Schultes: A Contribution to our Knowledge of Rivea corymbosa : The Narcotic Ololiuqui of the Aztecs. Cambridge MA: Botanical Museum of Harvard University, 1941
- ↑ a b c d e Christian Rätsch: Encyclopedia of psychoactive plants. Botany, Ethnopharmacology and Applications. 3. Edition. AT Verlag, Aarau 1998, ISBN 3-85502-570-3
- ↑ Stanislav Grof interviews with Dr. Albert Hofmann , Esalen Institute, Big Sur, California, 1984, http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v11n2/11222gro.html
- ↑ Sabine Hellwig: Ergoline alkaloid occurrences in Convolvulaceae: Biochemical and ecological interaction of a plant-fungus symbiosis , dissertation, Bonn 2007
literature
- Daniel F. Austin: Turbina corymbosa , In: Robert E. Woodson, Jr. and Robert W. Schery (Eds.): Flora of Panama , Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Volume 62, 1975, pages 218-219.
